Molly Ayala
Adding an electrical subpanel is a convenient way to extend your circuitry and power additional rooms and devices. It is a cost-effective solution for when you run out of space in your service panel. A subpanel is a satellite circuit breaker box that is often installed in a separate location from the main service panel, in an area that is convenient to the part of the structure it serves. It is important to note that installing a subpanel can be dangerous if you are unsure of what you are doing, and it is recommended to consult a licensed electrician or inspector to ensure safety and compliance with local regulations.
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What You'll Learn
Consult an electrician and inspector
Installing a subpanel is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution to ensure safety and compliance with local electrical codes. While some general guidelines can be provided, it is always best to consult a licensed electrician and inspector who can provide personalized recommendations and ensure that the installation is safe and up to code.
A licensed electrician will be able to assess your specific electrical needs and recommend the appropriate subpanel size and breaker combination to meet those needs. They will take into account factors such as the amperage capacity of the subpanel, the individual circuit breaker sizes used, and the electrical load requirements of your home. By calculating these factors, they can ensure that the subpanel installation is safe and compliant with local electrical codes.
In addition to consulting a licensed electrician, it is important to involve an inspector in the process. The inspector will be able to confirm that it is safe to install a subpanel and that it will not overload your electrical system. They can also advise on the amperage of the subpanel, as well as issue any necessary permits and inspect the subpanel after installation to verify that it meets local building codes and safety standards.
By involving a licensed electrician and inspector, you can ensure that your subpanel installation is safe, compliant, and tailored to your specific needs. They will be able to guide you through the entire process, from planning to execution, and provide valuable expertise to avoid potential hazards and ensure a reliable electrical system. Remember, electrical work can be dangerous, so it is always best to seek professional help if you are unsure or uncomfortable with any aspect of the installation.
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Get a permit and check local building codes
Installing a subpanel typically requires an electrical permit from your town or city to avoid fines. If you are using an electrician to install the subpanel, make sure the permit fee is included in the cost. You can check if you need a permit by contacting your local building department.
Some towns will require permits when selling a property, and if they find something done without a permit, they will make you get one and bring it up to code. For example, one person had to add outlets to a wall and remove a small kitchen in the basement to bring their property up to code.
You should be wary of contractors who won't pull permits if they are required. If their work is up to local requirements, it should be a no-brainer for them to get a permit. If they don't, you may question whether they are properly licensed and insured. If the contractor does not pull the permit, they have no obligation to repair something that is incorrect.
Before you begin installing a subpanel, you should have an inspector approve the subpanel, the feeder cable, and the feeder breaker. You should also shut off the main breaker in the service panel.
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Choose the right subpanel and location
Choosing the right subpanel and location is crucial when adding an electrical subpanel. Before selecting a subpanel, it is important to consult an inspector or a licensed electrician to ensure that your system can handle the addition without being overloaded. The inspector can advise on the appropriate amperage for your subpanel, which is typically 100 or 200 amps in the US, but may be lower for older homes or homes in specific locations.
When choosing a subpanel, opt for one that includes all the necessary connectors, cables, and breakers for installation. It is recommended to use a new panel and attachments to ensure safety. The size of the subpanel should be considered, taking into account the circuits to be served, including general-purpose electrical outlets and any special equipment requirements. Large 220-volt loads, such as welders, air conditioners, or motors, may require larger wire sizes and conduit to provide sufficient current. Additionally, long distances from the power source can result in voltage drop, which may require an increase in wire and conduit size.
In terms of location, subpanels are typically installed in a separate area from the main service panel, preferably in a convenient location close to the area it serves. The subpanel can be placed indoors or outdoors, but if placed outdoors, it must be weatherproof. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) provides ratings for panels, with NEMA 1 for indoor dry locations and NEMA 3R for outdoor panels. The National Electrical Code (NEC) prohibits the installation of panels in bathrooms due to moisture concerns and in clothes closets near easily ignitable materials. An unobstructed utility room or area is generally suitable. The NEC also specifies minimum working space distances, with a width of 30 inches or the width of the panel (whichever is greater), a depth of at least 36 inches, and a height of 6.5 feet.
The subpanel should be easily accessible, with a recommended height of about 5 feet (1.5 m) to ensure accessibility for adults while keeping it out of the reach of children and pets. Local building codes should be consulted to check for any specific height requirements. Additionally, it is important to locate a wall stud to securely mount the subpanel. Most electrical outlet boxes are mounted on the side of a stud, which can help guide your placement. Mark the locations for the mounting screws, typically requiring four screws with a 1/4 inch (0.64 cm) gap, and drill them into the stud.
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Wire the subpanel
To wire the subpanel, you will need a 4-wire cable, including a ground, neutral, and two hot wires (black and red). The feeder breaker in the main panel acts as the main disconnect for the subpanel. The wire must match the breaker or be of lower value. You can use aluminium wire instead of copper to save money, but you will need to use a larger wire. For example, 2 AWG aluminium will give you 90A.
At the main service panel, plan the routes for the wires, strip the sheathing, remove a knockout slug, and clamp the cable. Route the neutral and ground wires carefully and connect them to their bus bar(s). The subpanel must be mounted at least 78 inches above the floor and within a foot of the main panel. If it is in a separate building, it will need a ground bar, but if it is in the same building, it does not.
Before installing a subpanel, consult an inspector to ensure you do not overload your system. The inspector should approve the subpanel, feeder cable, and feeder breaker before installation.
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Mount the subpanel
Mounting an electrical subpanel is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution. It is highly recommended that you consult a certified and licensed electrician before attempting to install a subpanel yourself.
Firstly, you need to decide on the location of the subpanel. The subpanel must be mounted at least 78 inches above the floor. You can use your eye level with the main breaker as a guide, marking the wall with a Sharpie to indicate the approximate location. If you are installing the subpanel in a garage, you may want to mount it on a wall shared with the house, with the feeder wire running through the basement and up through the garage wall.
Next, you will need to decide whether to surface mount the subpanel or inset it into the wall. Surface mounting is generally easier, and you can attach plywood to the back of the subpanel and then fasten it to the wall studs. If you choose to inset the subpanel between the studs, you will need to cut out the drywall, which can make it more difficult to access the wires.
When mounting the subpanel, ensure that the knockout you remove is the correct size for the cable clamp you are using. You can then put the retaining ring on and run the wire through the corresponding side of the panel. Keep in mind that the orientation of the subpanel may be dictated by the product listing and local electrical codes, so check these before installing.
Finally, once the subpanel is mounted, you can connect the wires. For each circuit, route the wires around the perimeter, connecting the ground wire to the ground bus bar, the white wire to the neutral bus bar, and the hot wire to a circuit breaker.
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Frequently asked questions
An electrical subpanel is also called a satellite circuit breaker panel. It is often installed in a separate location from the main service panel in an area that is convenient for the part of the structure it serves.
You might need an electrical subpanel if you are running out of space in your service panel, or if you are trying to power an additional room or multiple branch circuits in a specific area of your home or building.
It is important to consult with a licensed inspector to confirm that it is safe to install a subpanel and that it won't overload your electrical system. You may also need to obtain a permit to avoid fines and insurance or liability issues. Always shut off the power to the main system before beginning installation.
A subpanel can be installed inside or outside, although you will need a weatherproof panel for outdoor installation. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) rates panels—indoor panels are rated NEMA 1, while outdoor panels are rated NEMA 3R. Subpanels cannot be installed in bathrooms or closets due to the risk of water damage or overheating.
It is important to work with a certified and licensed electrician during this process. The installation process involves connecting the subpanel to the main panel using a feeder cable and breaker. The subpanel must be placed about a foot away from the main service panel, and you will need to determine how far the wires will need to travel.
