Beatrice Lang
Electric drives for catamarans are becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits and ease of use. Converting a catamaran to an electric drive system involves installing electric motors, batteries, and solar panels, which can be customized to fit the specific needs and parameters of the boat. The process requires careful planning and consideration of various factors, such as battery voltage, motor power, and solar charging capabilities. Some catamaran owners opt for electric outboard motors, while others prefer inboard motors, depending on the existing drive system of the boat. The benefits of electric drives include reduced weight, less maintenance, and quieter and smoother sailing.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Motor voltage | 48V |
| Motor power | 15kW, 6kW, 20kW |
| Motor type | Twin outboard, inboard |
| Battery voltage | 48V |
| Battery capacity | 16kWh, 53.8kWh, 15kWh |
| Battery type | Lithium, LFP cells |
| Solar panels | 3kW, 6kW, 3.2kW |
| Solar charging | Genasun Boost mppts |
| Generator | Recharge mode, Cruising range mode |
| Hull type | Planing catamaran |
| Hull material | Composite epoxy |
| Hull length | 52', 44'-60' |
| Hull weight | 8500kg |
| Hull beam | 2.5m |
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What You'll Learn
Motor and battery requirements
When considering motor options, it is important to take into account the voltage, as this will impact the battery requirements. Some motors, such as the Motenergy ME1302 or ME1616, are liquid-cooled. It is also important to consider the propeller size, as this will impact the power and thrust of the motor.
In terms of batteries, the voltage and capacity will depend on the motor requirements. For example, a 48V pack may be suitable for a 48V motor, with a capacity of around 15 kWh. This can be achieved using 16 300AH lifepo4 cells. It is also possible to use a lower voltage battery pack with a voltage converter, but this may be less efficient.
When choosing batteries, it is important to consider the weight and durability, as well as the cost. Lithium batteries are a popular choice due to their high energy density and low maintenance requirements. It is also possible to use second-life batteries, which can be a more cost-effective option.
In addition to the motor and battery, it is important to consider the charging system. Solar charging can be an effective way to keep the batteries charged, especially for boats that spend a lot of time in the sun. A combination of solar panels and shore power charging can ensure that the batteries are always ready for use.
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Solar charging
The number and type of solar panels required will depend on the power requirements of the electric motors. In one example, a catamaran owner used seven 110W semi-flexible boat solar panels mounted on plywood panels fixed above the doghouse. Another option is to use rigid solar panels, such as the setup used by Simon Milward, who covered his Dart 15 beach catamaran hulls with over 100 kg of rigid solar panels connected directly to electric motors.
When considering solar charging, it is essential to think about battery storage as well. Large banks of batteries are typically required for electric boats, and charging times can be lengthy. Lithium batteries are a popular choice, with one catamaran owner using a 5.3 kWh Tesla battery to power their 2 kW 24V motor. It is also important to consider the voltage requirements of the electric motors and ensure that the solar panels and batteries are compatible.
Additionally, it can be beneficial to have a backup charging option, such as a diesel generator or shore chargers. This provides flexibility and ensures that the catamaran can be charged even in varying weather conditions. Overall, solar charging for an electric catamaran requires careful planning and consideration of power requirements, solar panel configuration, battery storage, and backup charging options.
- Solar panels: BlueSun Bifacial 575W solar panels
- Solar charge controllers: EG4 100amp MPPT
- Batteries: 48V 160ah LiFePO4 batteries
- Shore chargers: EG4 5000W 120V/240V
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Motor voltage
For a catamaran, it is common to use electric motors with voltages ranging from 12V to 72V or higher. The choice of voltage depends on factors such as the desired speed, range, and power requirements of the vessel. A higher voltage motor, such as 48V or 72V, can provide more power and faster speeds, while a lower voltage motor, such as 12V or 24V, may be suitable for slower speeds and shorter ranges.
In the case of a 52-foot sailing catamaran with full electric propulsion, some builders have opted for a 15kW electric motor with a voltage of 48V. This voltage allows for a balance between power and efficiency, as it makes battery management and solar charging easier. By limiting the motor voltage to 48V, it becomes possible to share the battery bank with other house loads using DCC converters, reducing the overall complexity and weight of the electrical system.
It is worth noting that the voltage of the motor also impacts the number and type of batteries required. For example, a higher voltage motor may require more batteries connected in series to achieve the desired voltage, while a lower voltage motor may require fewer batteries. Additionally, the voltage of the motor should be compatible with the battery bank voltage to ensure efficient power transmission and avoid potential electrical issues.
When selecting the motor voltage for an electric catamaran, it is crucial to consider the specific requirements and constraints of the vessel. Factors such as weight, desired speed, range, and power consumption should be carefully evaluated to determine the most suitable voltage for the motor and the overall electrical system design.
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Motor placement
When it comes to motor placement, one of the most common approaches is to install the motors at the stern of the catamaran. This configuration allows for easy retraction, similar to an outboard engine. Retractable motors offer several advantages, such as facilitating maintenance and providing the option to completely remove the drive system if needed. This design also enables the coupling of the motor shaft to the upper gearbox shaft, allowing for a more seamless integration without extensive modifications.
Catamarans inherently have two pontoons, which provides an advantage in terms of motor placement. Ideally, each pontoon should have its own motor, ensuring that the full weight of the catamaran is not solely dependent on a single motor. This configuration not only improves performance but also adds redundancy in case of motor failure during a voyage.
The placement of the motors should also take into account the overall weight distribution of the catamaran. By distributing the weight evenly, you can optimise the vessel's stability and handling. This is crucial for maintaining the catamaran's balance and ensuring a smooth and efficient voyage.
In addition to weight distribution, it is essential to consider the space available for battery placement. Catamarans offer flexibility in terms of battery placement, and the location of the batteries can impact the overall weight distribution and balance of the vessel. Ensure that the batteries are placed in a secure and accessible location, facilitating maintenance and any necessary adjustments.
When placing the motors, it is crucial to consider the type of drive system you intend to use. Electric inboard motors are often preferred for shaft-driven boats, providing a more streamlined solution. On the other hand, electric outboard motors offer advantages such as being lighter, cleaner, and more manoeuvrable, making them a popular choice for catamarans.
Lastly, if you are incorporating solar power into your electric drive system, consider the placement of solar panels. Solar panels can be installed on various parts of the catamaran, including the deck or a dedicated platform. Ensure that the placement maximises sun exposure to optimise energy generation.
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Battery maintenance
Batteries are the lifeblood of a boat, keeping all systems running, from starting the engine to powering electrical loads such as lights and electronics. They are a costly but crucial component of an electric catamaran's performance, so it is important to maintain them well. Here are some detailed tips for battery maintenance:
Firstly, determine the battery's application and chemistry. There are four types of battery chemistry: flooded, gel, AGM, and lithium. Each has a specific purpose, such as starter, deep-cycle, or dual-purpose batteries. For example, a starting battery provides a high, one-time discharge to power the starter motor, while deep-cycle batteries are better for long, steady discharges for house systems.
Stay with one battery chemistry for all batteries on your boat. Mixing battery types can lead to under or overcharging. If using AGM or gel batteries, a smart multi-step regulator with a temperature sensor is necessary to control the charge.
When charging, use a three-stage charger if possible, which provides a bulk, absorption, and float charge. The charger rate should be between 10-13% of the battery's 20-hour AH capacity. Always recharge immediately after use, in a well-ventilated area, free from sparks or flames. Check electrolyte levels before and after charging.
Keep batteries in acid-proof storage boxes, secured with tie-downs. Regularly clean terminal connectors to maintain conductivity. If storing the boat, disconnect the batteries.
Finally, never mix old and new batteries on the same charging system.
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Frequently asked questions
Electric drive catamarans are environmentally friendly and can be powered by solar energy. They are also quieter, smoother, and easier to handle than traditional outboards. Electric drives have fewer, lighter parts, making them easier to work on and maintain.
The type of motor will depend on the size and weight of your catamaran. For a 52-foot catamaran weighing 8500kg, a 15kW 48V electric motor can be used. For a smaller catamaran, a 6kW motor charged by solar power may be sufficient.
The type of battery will depend on the power requirements of your motor. Lithium batteries are commonly used in electric boats, but other options include lead-acid or gel batteries. You may also consider using second-life batteries to reduce costs.
Catamarans typically have two motors, one on each pontoon, which provides redundancy and reduces the load on each motor. However, it is possible to use a single motor for propulsion.
