Wiktor Wise
The prefix electro is derived from the Latin electrum, which comes from the Ancient Greek elektron, meaning amber. When rubbed, amber produces static electricity. In the context of science, electro is often used to refer to electricity and electrical measurements, as in electro-biology and electro-motion. It is also used to refer to the science of electromagnetism, which concerns the behaviour of aggregates of charge, including the distribution of charge within matter and the motion of charge from place to place.
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Electrolysis
The prefix "electro" is derived from the Latin "electrum", which comes from the Ancient Greek "elektron", meaning "amber". Amber is a natural resin that produces static electricity when rubbed.
The voltage required for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential, aptly named as "lysis" means "to separate or break", so electrolysis can be understood as "breakdown via electricity".
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Electro-pneumatic systems
The prefix "electro" is derived from the Latin "electrum", which comes from the Ancient Greek word "elektron", meaning "amber". Amber is a natural resin that produces static electricity when rubbed. Electro-pneumatic systems are a combination of pneumatic and electric circuits, with the former being controlled by the latter. These systems are often used in soft robotics and typically feature a solenoid valve that acts as the interface between the two circuits.
Solenoid valves function similarly to standard pneumatic valves, but they are electrically operated. They contain a coil of wire through which an electric current passes, generating a magnetic field that attracts an iron armature. The armature's movement controls the valve's operation. When the current is off, a spring pushes the armature out of the coil, and a seal connected to the armature blocks port 1, allowing air to flow between ports 2 and 3. When the current is turned on, the iron armature is drawn into the coil by the magnetic field, overcoming the spring pressure and causing the seal to block port 3. This enables air to flow between ports 1 and 2.
The electrical aspect of electro-pneumatic systems requires a focus on two critical areas: understanding how to initiate or halt a process and analysing the system's functionality. These systems offer advantages in robotics and other applications due to their ability to be controlled electrically while utilising pneumatic circuits. The combination of these two types of circuits provides a cost-effective solution for controlling soft robots, as demonstrated by the Soft Robotics Toolkit's low-cost electro-pneumatic circuit.
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Electromagnetism
The study of electromagnetism involves understanding how electric and magnetic fields interact with each other and the charged particles within them. Electric forces cause an attraction between particles with opposite charges and a repulsion between particles with the same charge. Magnetic forces, on the other hand, act on charged particles in relative motion. These two forces are intertwined and can be described using electromagnetic fields.
The concept of electromagnetism has been explored for thousands of years, with ancient civilizations such as the Chinese, Mayans, and Greeks observing and theorizing about natural phenomena like lightning, static electricity, and the attractive properties of certain minerals and rocks. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday developed laws to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields mathematically.
In the modern era, engineers and physicists continue to refine the theory of electromagnetism to account for advancements in technology and modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity. Electromagnetism plays a crucial role in various aspects of modern technology, including electrical energy production, transformation, and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fibre optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators.
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Electrostatics
Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other, as described by Coulomb's law. These phenomena can be as simple as the attraction of plastic wrap to one's hand after removing it from a package, or as complex as the spontaneous explosion of grain silos. The electrostatic force is conservative in nature, meaning the work done on the charge is independent of the path taken. It is also a central force, acting along the line joining two charges. The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric field lines are useful for visualizing the electric field. These lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges, running parallel to the direction of the electric field. The density of the field lines indicates the magnitude of the electric field at a given point. The electrostatic model accurately predicts electrical phenomena in "classical" cases where velocities are low and the system is macroscopic, with no quantum effects involved.
In some cases, both electrostatics and magnetostatics are required for accurate predictions, although the coupling between the two can be ignored. Electrostatics and magnetostatics are non-relativistic Galilean limits for electromagnetism. Conventional electrostatics ignores quantum effects, which must be added for a complete description.
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Electrobiology
Practically from the time of its discovery, electromagnetic energy was identified by the vitalists as being the "life force". Consequently, it has occupied a central position in the conflict between these two opposing doctrines for the past three centuries. While the modern view of the role of electromagnetic energy in life processes does not consider it a mysterious force, it has nevertheless inherited the emotional and dogmatic aspects of the earlier conflict.
To understand modern electrobiology, it is necessary to understand its antecedents in both physics and biology and the interplay between these two branches of science over the past 300 years. Electrobiology, in its modern concept, can be traced back to the thoughts of Szent-Gyorgyi, who felt that biological knowledge was considerably less complete than advertised by the mechanistic establishment. He postulated that the atomic structure of biological molecules like proteins was sufficiently organized to function as a crystalline lattice. In the case of fibrous proteins, he proposed that they could join together in "extended systems" with common energy levels, allowing semiconduction current flow over long distances.
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Frequently asked questions
The prefix 'electro-' is used to form words that refer to electricity or processes involving electricity.
Electrolytes, which get their name from having an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
The word 'electro-' comes from the Latin 'electrum', which comes from the Ancient Greek 'ēlektron', meaning "amber". Amber is a natural resin that produces static electricity when rubbed.
The science of electricity is called electromagnetism, which is concerned with the behaviour of aggregates of charge, including the distribution of charge within matter and the motion of charge from place to place.
