Otis Singleton
Rotating black holes, also known as spinning electrical black holes, are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum. All currently known celestial objects, including planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes, spin about one of their axes. There are four known, exact, black hole solutions to Einstein's field equations, which describe gravity in general relativity. Two of those rotate: the Kerr and Kerr–Newman black holes. The Kerr black hole has been featured extensively in science fiction for its possibilities in time travel. In reality, black holes are defined by three properties: mass, charge, and spin.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Formation | Gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum |
| Temperature States | Heating (losing energy) and cooling |
| Speed | A black hole in the Milky Way, GRS 1915+105, may rotate 1,150 times per second, approaching the theoretical upper limit. M87's black hole is spinning at up to 80% of the theoretical maximum speed possible in the universe. |
| Mass | The mass of M87's black hole is 6.5 billion times that of the sun |
| Consumption Rate | M87's black hole is consuming matter at about 70 million meters per second, or roughly 23% of the speed of light |
| Electric Charge | Real black holes likely have almost no electric charge, but a small non-zero charge is possible |
| Light Deflection | Light rays near a black hole can be deflected so much that they travel several times around it |
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What You'll Learn
- Rotating black holes have two temperature states: heating and cooling
- Black holes are defined by mass, charge and spin
- All known celestial objects, including black holes, spin about one of their axes
- A rotating black hole can be formed from the collapse of a massive spinning star
- The Kerr-Newman rotating black hole has a maximum charge of 1 Coulomb per solar mass
Rotating black holes have two temperature states: heating and cooling
A rotating black hole is a black hole that possesses angular momentum and rotates about one of its axes of symmetry. All known celestial objects, including stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes, spin about one of their axes. Rotating black holes are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum.
Rotating black holes have two temperature states: heating (losing energy) and cooling. The heating state of a rotating black hole can be observed through the Penrose process inside the black hole's ergosphere, where large amounts of energy are produced at the expense of its rotational energy. This process can result in a rotating black hole gradually reducing to a Schwarzschild black hole, the minimum configuration from which no further energy can be extracted.
The cooling state of a rotating black hole can be understood through the concept of classical black holes having "no hair." This means that classical black holes are described solely by their mass, charge, and rotation, without considering the effects of quantum mechanics. By ignoring quantum mechanics, classical black holes are assumed to have a temperature of absolute zero, implying that any hot mass collapsing into a black hole would be cooled to absolute zero, violating the third law of thermodynamics.
However, when quantum mechanics is taken into account, black holes can emit light and particles through Hawking radiation, indicating that they possess a temperature. The thermodynamics of rotating black holes, including their temperature states, provide valuable insights into the complex interactions and behaviours of these celestial objects.
The Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes are the two known rotating black hole solutions to Einstein's field equations, which describe gravity in general relativity. These solutions are believed to represent all rotating black hole solutions in the exterior region.
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Black holes are defined by mass, charge and spin
Black holes are defined by three properties: mass, charge, and spin. The mass of a black hole can be determined by measuring the strength of its gravitational field from a distance. Black holes with a non-zero spin or electric charge have a smaller radius, with the event horizon closer to the singularity. The singularity is not infinitely small and pointlike but rather a "sharp edge" to spacetime with the structure of an instant in the future of any observer who has crossed the event horizon. The spin of a black hole is in the gravitational field, and angular momentum can be used to measure it from a distance.
All currently known celestial objects, including planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes, spin about one of their axes. There are four known exact black hole solutions to the Einstein field equations, two of which rotate: the Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes. It is generally believed that every black hole decays rapidly into a stable black hole, and by the no-hair theorem, stable black holes can be completely described at any moment in time by 11 numbers representing conserved attributes that can be determined by examining their electromagnetic and gravitational fields.
Rotating black holes are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum. As all known stars rotate and realistic collisions have non-zero angular momentum, it is expected that all black holes in nature are rotating black holes. Rotating black holes have two temperature states they can exist in: heating (losing energy) and cooling.
Black holes can be classified into four categories based on their charge and spin: Schwarzschild black holes, which have no spin and no net electric charge; Kerr black holes, which have spin but no net electric charge; Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, which have no spin but possess a net electric charge; and Kerr-Newman black holes, which have both spin and a net electric charge. In our universe, black holes almost always have spin and zero net electric charge, making Kerr black holes the most common.
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All known celestial objects, including black holes, spin about one of their axes
The fact that all these objects are spinning is due to the conservation of angular momentum. Clumps of dark matter formed first, acting as "seeds" for the formation of structures, providing gravitational potential wells that pulled in atoms of normal matter. If these potential wells and all the matter falling into them had been perfectly spherically symmetric (that is, symmetric along any axis), there would be no spin. However, when one atom doesn’t fall towards the very centre of the well, it produces a tiny torque, which becomes accentuated as the clump of matter collapses.
Rotating black holes are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum. As all known stars rotate and realistic collisions have non-zero angular momentum, it is expected that all black holes in nature are rotating black holes. There are four known, exact, black hole solutions to Einstein's field equations, which describe gravity in general relativity. Two of those rotate: the Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes.
A rotating black hole can produce large amounts of energy at the expense of its rotational energy. It has two temperature states it can exist in: heating (losing energy) and cooling.
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A rotating black hole can be formed from the collapse of a massive spinning star
A rotating black hole is a solution to Einstein's field equation, with two known exact solutions: the Kerr metric and the Kerr-Newman metric. These solutions are believed to represent all rotating black hole solutions in the exterior region. Rotating black holes are formed when a massive spinning star undergoes gravitational collapse, or when a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum collapses or collides.
All known stars rotate, and realistic collisions have non-zero angular momentum, leading to the expectation that all black holes in nature are rotating black holes. Rotating black holes are surrounded by a region of spacetime in which standing still is impossible, known as the ergosphere. This phenomenon, known as frame-dragging, is predicted by general relativity, which states that any rotating mass will tend to "drag" the spacetime immediately surrounding it.
The formation of a rotating black hole by a collapsar is thought to be observed as the emission of gamma-ray bursts. A rotating black hole can produce vast amounts of energy by shedding its rotational energy. The angular momentum of a stellar black hole is due to the conservation of angular momentum of the star or objects that produced it.
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The Kerr-Newman rotating black hole has a maximum charge of 1 Coulomb per solar mass
A spinning electrical black hole, also known as a rotating black hole, is a black hole that possesses angular momentum. All currently known celestial objects, including planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes, spin about one of their axes. Rotating black holes are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse/collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum.
The Kerr-Newman metric describes the spacetime geometry around a mass that is electrically charged and rotating. It is a vacuum solution that generalizes the Kerr metric (which describes an uncharged, rotating mass) by additionally taking into account the energy of an electromagnetic field. The Kerr-Newman metric is a solution to Einstein's field equations, which describe gravity in general relativity. There are four known, exact, black hole solutions to these equations, and two of them rotate: the Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes.
The Kerr-Newman geometry can be thought of as rotating together with a black hole. In the vicinity of a rapidly rotating black hole, an intense gravitational vortex similar to a massive tornado is created. The rotation of the black hole carries the surrounding space with it and forces it to rotate in a vortex, depending on the speed of rotation and distance from the black hole.
While the mass and spin of black holes are frequently considered, the charge is often neglected and set to zero. However, classical and relativistic processes can lead to a small non-zero charge, and this can significantly influence the motion of charged particles in the vicinity of black holes.
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Frequently asked questions
A spinning electrical black hole, also known as a Kerr-Newman black hole, is a black hole that possesses angular momentum and electric charge. It rotates about one of its axes of symmetry.
Rotating black holes are formed in the gravitational collapse of a massive spinning star or from the collapse or collision of a collection of compact objects, stars, or gas with a total non-zero angular momentum.
Rotating black holes have two temperature states they can exist in: heating (losing energy) and cooling.
The Kerr-Newman rotating black hole with a maximum likely charge of 1 Coulomb per solar mass is an example of a spinning electrical black hole.
Scientists use powerful tools such as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to probe the behavior of spinning electrical black holes and understand their mechanics. They also study the "bright spot" in the black hole's image, which is caused by relativistic Doppler beaming, to calculate the speed of material moving towards or away from us.
