Otis Singleton
Electric force, also known as Coulomb force, is the interaction between two charged bodies. This interaction can be either attractive or repulsive. The electric force is determined by the electric charge on the particles and their separation from one another. Coulomb's law, an experimental law of physics, calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. The law states that the magnitude of the attractive or repulsive force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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What You'll Learn
Coulomb's Law
> {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{1}={\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{{\hat {\mathbf {r} }}_{12} \over {|\mathbf {r} _{12}|}^{2}}}
Where F is the electric force directed between two charged bodies, and K is the constant of proportionality.
The force obtained with the help of Coulomb's Law can be either positive or negative. A positive force implies a repulsive interaction between the charges, and a negative force means that the interaction is attractive. Coulomb's Law also shows that oppositely charged bodies attract according to an inverse-square law, and that similarly charged bodies repel. This is similar to Isaac Newton's inverse-square law of universal gravitation, but gravitational forces always attract, whereas electrostatic forces can attract or repel.
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Electric charge
The interaction between two charged bodies is called electric force. The electric force between two electrons is equal to the electric force between two protons when placed at equal distances. This demonstrates that electric force depends on the quantity of electric charge, rather than the mass of the object. The electric force between two charges of the same sign repels, while charges of opposite signs attract. This principle is foundational to various concepts in electromagnetism.
The SI unit of electric charge quantity is the coulomb (C). One coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that passes through the cross-section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere for one second. The lowercase q is often used to denote a quantity of electric charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer or indirectly with a ballistic galvanometer.
Charge is quantized, meaning it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called elementary charges, denoted by e. The smallest charge that can exist freely is about 1.602 x 10^-19 C. Particles called quarks have smaller charges, multiples of 1/3e, but they are only found in particles with a charge that is an integer multiple of e. In the Standard Model, charge is an absolutely conserved quantum number.
The electric force formula can be obtained from Coulomb's law: F = ke x qe x qp/r^2. Coulomb's law quantifies the electrostatic force between two particles, asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force obtained with the help of Coulomb's law can be either positive or negative. Positive force implies a repulsive interaction between the charges, while negative force means the interaction is attractive.
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Electrostatic force
The electrostatic force, also known as Coulomb's force, is the attractive or repulsive interaction between any two charged bodies. It is one of the various forces that act on objects. The impact and effects of the force on a given body are described by Newton's laws of motion.
The electrostatic force is associated with charges. Similar charges repel one another, whereas opposite charges attract. The electric force is not based on the mass of the object but depends on the quantity known as the electric charge. The force increases with larger charges or closer distances.
Coulomb's law, an experimental law of physics, calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. It was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. The law states that the magnitude, or absolute value, of the attractive or repulsive electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The formula for the electric force can be obtained from Coulomb's law as follows:
\[\vec{F}\,\, is \,\,the \,\,electric \,\,force \,\,directed\,\, between\,\, two \,\,charged\,\, bodies.\]
Where:
- \(\vec{F}\) is the electric force
- \(q_1\) and \(q_2\) are the quantities of each charge
- \(r\) is the distance between the charges
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Force-voltage analogy
The concept of electrical force revolves around the interaction between charged bodies, encompassing attractive and repulsive forces. Coulomb's Law provides a mathematical framework for understanding these forces, with the electric force being directly proportional to the multiplication of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Now, let's delve into the Force-Voltage analogy, which establishes a connection between mechanical and electrical systems. This analogy is particularly useful in control systems engineering, where it helps relate mechanical systems to their electrical counterparts.
The core idea behind the Force-Voltage analogy is to equate force in a mechanical system with voltage in an electrical system. Mechanical systems can be classified into two types: translational systems and rotational systems. Translational systems are characterised by movement in straight lines and consist of masses, springs, and dampers. On the other hand, rotational systems deal with angular motion and involve torque.
The mathematical equations describing these mechanical systems can be compared with the mesh equations of their electrical counterparts. For example, in a translational mechanical system, an external force applied to a mass can cause displacement in the direction of the force. This can be analogous to an electrical system with a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor connected in series, where the input voltage and current flow are related by Ohm's law.
The Force-Voltage analogy is a valuable tool for designing and optimising control systems that utilise both mechanical and electrical components. It allows for the transfer of knowledge and techniques between the two domains. However, it's important to note that the accuracy of this analogy is limited to linear and/or low-frequency ideal systems.
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Newton's laws of motion
First Law
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. This tendency to resist changes in the state of motion is known as inertia. If all external forces cancel each other out, there is no net force acting on the object, and it will maintain its constant velocity.
Second Law
The force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. This can also be expressed as the change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton's second law can be used to determine the new values of mass and velocity if the force is known.
Third Law
When two objects interact, they apply forces to each other that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. This means that if one object exerts a force on another, the second object will exert an equal and opposite force back on the first.
While Newton's laws of motion do not directly provide an algorithm for electrical force, they can be used to analyse motion under the influence of electrical forces or any other force acting on an object. Electrical forces can be categorised as either attractive or repulsive. Similar charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract. The strength of the electrical force depends on the magnitude of the charges and their separation. Coulomb's law provides a formula for calculating the force between two charged particles, taking into account the charges and the distance between them.
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Frequently asked questions
The repulsive or attractive interaction between any two charged bodies is called an electric force. It is one of the various forces that act on objects and is described by Newton's laws of motion.
Electrical forces can be divided into two categories: attractive electrical forces and repulsive electrical forces. Similar charges repel one another, while opposite charges attract.
The electric force formula can be obtained from Coulomb's Law. The value of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Coulomb's Law is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. It was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
There are also several physics-inspired metaheuristic algorithms that use electrical forces for optimization, such as the Magnetic Charged System Search (MCSS) and the Ions Motion Optimization (IMO).
