Otis Singleton
Electrical fires are extremely common, especially in the winter months, and can be caused by a number of factors. They are also notoriously difficult to extinguish. Electric vehicles, for example, use high-voltage lithium-ion batteries that contain flammable electrolytes, which can create a phenomenon called thermal runaway, where the battery pack overheats and ignites other cells, leading to an intense and prolonged fire. This release of large amounts of heat, toxic gases, and chemical fumes poses a severe risk to firefighters, who require specific training and equipment to handle such blazes. Similarly, electrical fires in homes or buildings can be challenging to put out due to the presence of live electricity, which can be spread by water, leading to potential electrocution hazards.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Difficulty in putting out electrical fires | Electrical fires are difficult to put out because water, which is a natural conductor of electricity, does not work as a coolant in this case. Water can cause the electricity to spread and can even result in electrocution. |
| Cause of electrical fires | Electrical fires can be caused by space heaters, old wiring, loose wiring, overloaded outlets, ungrounded plugs, and faulty appliances. |
| Preventing electrical fires | It is recommended to get an electrician to inspect the home and ensure it meets safety provisions in the NEC. |
| Putting out electrical fires | If a device is causing the electrical fire, unplugging it from the cord and outlet can help. Sodium bicarbonate or baking soda can be used to smother the fire. Removing the oxygen source with clothing or a heavy blanket can also help. |
| Electric vehicle fires | Electric vehicle fires are particularly challenging to extinguish due to the presence of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries, which can create a phenomenon called thermal runaway, leading to intense and prolonged fires. |
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What You'll Learn
Electric car fires
The complexity of electric cars' electrical systems and their proximity to water sources create an electrocution hazard, further complicating firefighting efforts. Traditional methods of fire suppression, such as using water, may not be effective on electric car fires due to the risk of electrocution and the unique characteristics of electrical fires. Water conducts electricity, and while it can cool down burning materials, it does not work well for electrical fires because they often do not rely on oxygen.
To address electric car fires, specialized equipment and techniques are necessary. The Fire Isolator Concept, for example, combines several elements to effectively fight EV fires. This includes the use of high-temperature-resistant car fire blankets to isolate and control the fire, aerosol units to interrupt chemical chain reactions and suppress the fire, and water mist lances to reduce toxic fumes, smoke, and heat.
Additionally, the waiting game approach is sometimes employed, where firefighters avoid direct intervention and instead focus on containing the fire and preventing its spread. This strategy acknowledges the challenges of extinguishing electric car fires and prioritizes the safety of firefighters and bystanders. While electric car fires are less common than gasoline-powered vehicle fires, they present unique challenges due to the nature of their power source and the toxins released during a fire.
To summarize, electric car fires are difficult to extinguish due to the characteristics of electrical fires, the presence of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries, and the release of toxic chemicals. Specialized equipment, techniques, and strategic approaches are necessary to address these fires effectively while ensuring the safety of all involved.
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Why water is ineffective
Electrical fires are extremely dangerous and can be challenging to extinguish. While water is often the go-to solution for many types of fires, it is essential to understand that water should never be used to put out electrical fires. Here are several reasons why water is ineffective and can even be dangerous when trying to extinguish an electrical fire:
Water is a Conductor of Electricity: One of the main reasons water is ineffective against electrical fires is that water is a conductor of electricity. When water comes into contact with an electrical fire, it can spread the electricity to other areas, including yourself if you are holding the water. This can lead to electrocution and serious injury or even death. The electricity can also arc and jump to other conductive materials, potentially causing the fire to spread to other parts of the building.
Water Evaporates Quickly: Water has a relatively low boiling point of 100°C (212°F). When water is poured onto an electrical fire, it will quickly evaporate due to the high temperatures. This evaporation can cause the water to boil and bubble violently, potentially spreading the fire and making it more challenging to control. The steam produced can also carry burning particles, causing the fire to spread to other areas.
Ineffective at Cooling: Water is an effective coolant for certain types of fires, such as those involving wood, because it can absorb a lot of heat per degree. However, electrical fires are often too hot for water to have a significant cooling effect. The extreme heat of electrical fires means that water will evaporate too quickly to effectively cool down the fire source.
Does Not Remove Oxygen: Water is effective at extinguishing fires that require oxygen to burn by coating the fuel and preventing oxygen from reaching the fire. However, electrical fires typically do not require oxygen to continue burning. Therefore, using water to try and smother an electrical fire will be ineffective, as the fire will continue to burn even if coated in water.
Safety Precautions: If you encounter an electrical fire, it is crucial to prioritize your safety. If you can safely reach the cord of the appliance that is on fire, unplug it immediately to cut off the electricity. If the fire is small, you can try to smother it with baking soda or a heavy blanket to deprive it of oxygen. Always keep a fire extinguisher suitable for electrical fires (Class C) in your home, and make sure you know how to use it properly. If the fire is too large or cannot be controlled with these methods, evacuate the building and call the fire department immediately.
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How to extinguish small electrical fires
Electrical fires are complicated and dangerous, and they can cause immense damage and severe injury or even death if not dealt with correctly. They are also one of the most common causes of fire accidents in homes and businesses.
If you see an electrical fire, it is recommended to call emergency services to ensure your safety and that of those around you. While most people's first reaction to a fire is to throw water on it, you should never use water to put out an electrical fire as it can conduct electricity and spread, making the situation more dangerous. Water may also cause the fire to spread, leading to further damage or injuries.
To extinguish small electrical fires, you can use a fire extinguisher, a fire blanket, or baking soda. Firstly, cut off the power source by unplugging the appliance or shutting off the power to disconnect the electricity. If the fire is small, you can use a fire blanket to smother the flames, leaving it in place for at least 15 minutes to ensure the fire is entirely out. For a larger fire, use a Class C or ABC fire extinguisher by pulling the safety pin, aiming at the base of the fire, and squeezing the handle while sweeping the nozzle from left to right.
If you don't have access to a fire extinguisher or blanket, you can use baking soda to suppress the flames. Sprinkle a liberal amount of baking soda over the fire, cover it, and leave it for at least 15 minutes. When exposed to heat, baking soda releases carbon dioxide, choking the fire and putting it out.
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Preventing electrical fires
Electrical fires are one of the top causes of house fires. They are easy to prevent if you take a few precautions. Here are some tips to help you prevent electrical fires:
One outlet, one plug
The first rule to follow is 'one outlet, one plug'. If you need to use more appliances than you have outlets, consider using multi-outlet extenders, power bars, and surge protectors. However, only use these sparingly, as you can risk overloading a single circuit. A better option is to install additional electrical outlets with the help of a certified electrician.
Inspect electrical cords and plugs regularly
Regularly check your electrical cords and plugs for any signs of wear and tear. If you notice any worn or frayed cords or plugs, discard them immediately. Also, make sure to hold the plug securely when removing it from the outlet. Pulling on the cord can increase the risk of a short circuit, electrical shock, or fire.
Keep electrical cords away from heat and water sources
It is important to maintain a safe distance between electrical cords and sources of heat and water. This will help reduce the risk of electrical fires and keep you and your family safe.
Cover unused outlets and install safety features
If you have young children at home, take extra precautions by covering unused outlets with safety plugs or installing outlets with spring-latch covers. This will help protect your children from accidental electrical hazards.
Purchase appliances approved by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
When buying new appliances, look for those approved by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). This ensures that the appliances meet the required safety standards and reduces the risk of electrical fires.
Disconnect small appliances when not in use
Unplug small appliances, such as toasters, toaster ovens, and coffee makers, when they are not in use, especially when you are on vacation. This simple step can help prevent electrical fires and reduce energy consumption.
Keep areas around electrical equipment clear
Maintain a clear space around electrical equipment and appliances. Remove any combustible materials such as sawdust, paper, cardboard, or flammable liquids from the vicinity. This will help prevent fires from starting and spreading.
Prevent oil and dirt buildup
Regularly clean your electrical appliances to prevent oil and dirt buildup. These substances can cause electrical equipment to overheat and short circuit. When cleaning, use only clean, dry rags and brushes, and always follow the manufacturer's instructions.
Be aware of unusual sounds, smells, or sparks
Pay attention to any unusual sounds, smells, or sparks coming from your electrical equipment. If you notice any of these warning signs, shut off the equipment immediately and unplug it from the power supply. Have a qualified technician inspect the equipment to ensure it is safe to use.
Have a family escape plan
In the unfortunate event of a fire, it is crucial to have an escape plan. The Red Cross estimates that you have just two minutes to escape your home safely. Create an emergency evacuation plan for your family, including identifying two ways to exit each room and choosing a meeting place outside the home. Practice the plan several times a year to ensure everyone knows what to do.
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The science behind electrical fires
Electrical fires are extremely common, especially during the winter months, and can be caused by a number of factors. Space heaters are one of the most common causes, but electrical fires can also be caused by old wiring, loose wiring, overloaded outlets, ungrounded plugs, and faulty appliances.
The danger of electrical fires is often compounded by the fact that electricity is so prevalent in our society that we tend to underestimate the significant risks it presents. According to the NFPA, in the years 2015-2019, electrical distribution or lighting equipment was involved in an estimated average of 32,620 reported home structure fires per year, resulting in an average of 430 civilian deaths, 1,070 civilian injuries, and $1.3 billion in direct property damage annually.
Additionally, water should never be used to put out electrical fires as it can conduct electricity, potentially leading to electrocution. Instead, it is recommended to cut off the electricity by unplugging the device if it is safe to do so, and then smothering the fire with a heavy blanket or baking soda to remove the oxygen source. If the fire is too big, it is important to evacuate the premises and call emergency services.
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Frequently asked questions
If the fire is small and you can reach the power source or outlet safely, unplug the device. You can also try to smother the fire with a heavy blanket or baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Do not use water as it conducts electricity and can make the fire bigger and cause electrocution. Call the emergency services.
Water is usually used to put out fires by cooling and coating the source of the fire, cutting off its oxygen supply. However, water is a conductor of electricity, so dumping water on an electrical fire will cause the electricity to spread and potentially lead to electrocution. Additionally, the source of heat in an electrical fire is the electric arc, which water cannot stop.
Electrical fires are extremely common, especially in the winter months. They can be caused by space heaters, old wiring, loose wiring, overloaded outlets, ungrounded plugs, and faulty appliances. To prevent electrical fires, ensure that there is nothing near your space heater when it is plugged in. If you notice that your outlets are warm to the touch or you suspect faulty wiring, call an electrician.
