Otis Singleton
Building an electric fence controller is a complex task that requires careful planning and execution. The controller, also known as an energizer, fence charger, fencer, or power unit, is responsible for delivering a powerful shock to anyone or anything that comes into contact with the electric fence. While it may be easier to purchase a pre-made fence controller, building one can be a rewarding project for those with the necessary knowledge and skills. To build an electric fence controller, one must consider the power source, voltage requirements, safety measures, and the type of fencing material used. Additionally, factors such as fence length, vegetation, and the type of animals to be contained or deterred will influence the design and components of the controller. In this guide, we will explore the steps involved in building a safe and effective electric fence controller, including choosing the appropriate power source, calculating voltage requirements, and implementing safety features to protect humans and animals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Power source | Mains electricity or battery |
| Battery type | Wet, dry or 12-volt lead acid battery |
| Energizer | Mains-powered, dry battery-powered or wet battery-powered |
| Earth stake | Made of galvanised or stainless metal, placed 328 feet (100 m) from the stakes |
| Voltage | 220V 50Hz or 230V |
| Safety | Must be carefully designed to limit current and duration of shock |
| Circuit | Requires a relay, capacitor and resistor |
| Wires | Must be appropriate width, thickness and colour for the situation |
| Remote control | Available for compatible remote-ready energizers |
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What You'll Learn
Understanding the circuit
The circuit begins with the power source, which can be a 12-volt lead-acid battery or mains electricity. This power is then converted by an energizer, fence charger, fencer, fence controller, or power unit into a higher voltage. This little box is responsible for the shock you get if you touch an electric fence. The energizer then sends the current through the fence wires in steady, short bursts.
The wires used in an electric fence come in a variety of widths, thicknesses, colours, and constructions. The type of wire chosen depends on the width and visibility required for the specific situation. For example, horses and flighty animals generally require a wider, more visible tape, while a small containment dog or pet fence will be effective with a standard polywire.
To complete the circuit and deliver a shock, an animal must touch the electric fence and an earth source. An electric fence earth stake acts as an antenna for the electrical flow to run back to after it has passed through the animal's body and into the ground. The more earth attraction in the circuit, the better the current will flow and the stronger the shock will be.
It is important to note that electric fences should be turned off for short periods to allow people and animals to safely get off the fence. Additionally, in many countries, you must post signs on the fence to warn people of the electric current. Building an electric fence controller can be dangerous, and it is recommended to buy a commercial product instead of attempting to build one yourself.
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Choosing the power source
Battery-powered electric fences, on the other hand, are considered safer. They use a 12-volt lead-acid battery, which can be maintained by a solar charger. This option is particularly useful when mains power is not readily available. The battery-powered option is also convenient if you need to move your electric fence frequently, as it does not require a constant power source.
It is worth noting that the pulse rate of your fence charger can be adjusted. Starting with a rapid rate and then turning it down after a few days can help extend the life of the device. Additionally, a healthy battery should last several months without needing a boost.
If you opt for a battery-powered fencer, you will need to consider how you will charge the battery. This could be through a solar charger or another power source.
Overall, the choice between mains electricity and batteries depends on your specific needs and the availability of power sources in your location.
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Selecting the right wires
Selecting the right wire for your electric fence is crucial to ensure its effectiveness and safety. There are several types of wires, tapes, and braids available, commonly referred to as "conductors". The choice depends on various factors, including the type of fence, its permanence, and the animals being contained. Here are some options to consider:
Poly Wire
Poly Wire is one of the most common choices for temporary fencing. It is made of plastic strands with embedded thin metal wires that carry the electrical current. The plastic and wire strands are twisted tightly together to form a single wire. Poly Wire is highly visible to animals, rust-resistant, and suitable for cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It is available in different diameters, with smaller diameters (less than 3mm) being popular for smaller animals and larger diameters (5mm) for horses to improve visibility.
Poly Tape
Poly Tape offers a strong and weather-resistant alternative. It consists of individual strands of plastic and wire threaded together, creating a highly visible ribbon-like structure. The tape is available in different widths, with thicker options recommended for perimeter fences due to their enhanced visibility and strength. However, in areas with strong winds, Poly Braid is suggested for better flexibility.
High-Tensile Wire
High-Tensile Wire is suitable for permanent fences over large areas. It comes in two primary options: galvanized steel and aluminum. Both materials are strong, durable, and low maintenance, making them ideal for constructing perimeter fences to contain slow-moving animals. Galvanized steel is an economical option for carrying electric charges over long distances, while aluminum offers superior conducting capabilities but tends to be more expensive.
Aluminum or Steel Wire
Aluminum or steel wire is a cost-effective and straightforward option. When selecting the gauge of these wires, remember that a larger diameter provides more surface area for electricity to travel, resulting in less resistance. Most electric fences use 14 or 17 gauge wire, depending on the fence length and the type of animal.
Remember, the wire you choose should be compatible with your fence's design and the animals you aim to contain or repel. Always follow safety guidelines and consult experts or product-specific instructions when building your electric fence controller.
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Installing fence lines
To install fence lines for an electric fence, you will need to install fence posts and run the wire.
Firstly, decide on the number of brace corners you will need. Each corner of the electric fence will need to be braced with a corner piece. One brace will be enough for ends and corners with six or fewer lines, but seven or more lines will require a double brace.
Next, select your fence posts. Metal posts are the easiest to set in the ground, but wooden posts are also durable and effective, though they will degrade over time. The distance between line posts will depend on the terrain. On flat land, posts are usually spaced 10 to 16 feet apart, but on hilly terrain, they should be moved closer together. On level terrain, they can be further apart, while on uneven terrain, posts need to be spaced wherever there is a high or low spot. On hillsides, posts should be installed perpendicular to the slope.
Now, run the wire. Start at the post that is the farthest away from the charger and hang as many lines of wire as you need to charge the line. Use connector clamps to mount the wire on the posts, but never wrap the wire around the fence posts as the cable will come loose more easily and corrosion can occur. The wires will need to be pulled taut at the anchor end, and there are various methods to do this, such as installing a self-locking ratchet-style wire tensioner or using a come-along cable puller.
Finally, install lightning diverters/arrestors at each corner of the fence, but no closer than 50 feet to the fence charger. Use a lightning choke between the fence line and fence charger to dissipate power surges caused by lightning.
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Safety considerations
Electric fences can cause serious injury or even death if installed or used incorrectly. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate safety measures and follow careful installation procedures to minimize the risk of injury. Here are some key safety considerations when building and using an electric fence controller:
Planning and Installation:
Before installing an electric fence, carefully plan the perimeter that needs to be enclosed and identify potential obstacles like trees, buildings, or uneven terrain. This will help determine the number and placement of fence posts. Assess the power source availability and choose an energizer suitable for the fence's length and type of fencing material. Mains-powered energizers are preferable as they are located inside buildings and have a low operating cost. If using a battery-powered energizer, ensure it is a safe distance from any grounding rods used for the building's electrical system to prevent a short circuit.
Electrical Capacity and Wiring:
Consider the electrical capacity of the fence controller, which will depend on the type of livestock and the size and shape of the fence line. Use high-tensile wire as it is strong and can withstand animal pressure. Ensure the wire is appropriately insulated to prevent unintended electrical conduction.
Grounding System:
Understand the grounding system requirements for your fence. If installed on sandy or rocky soils, an earth-return grounding system may be necessary, where alternate wires in the fence act as ground wires. Ensure charged wires are connected back to the output connector on the energizer.
Warning Signs and Visibility:
Use brightly colored or reflective materials to enhance the fence's visibility, especially in low-light conditions. This will help prevent accidental contact. Post warning signs to alert individuals, especially children, of the potential dangers associated with the electric fence.
Training and Education:
Take time to train livestock and pets to respect the fence boundaries through positive reinforcement methods. Educate visitors, children, and anyone in the vicinity about the potential dangers of the electric fence and how to safely navigate around it.
Lithium-ion Batteries:
If using lithium-ion batteries, be aware of the risk of thermal runaway. These batteries can heat up rapidly and lead to fire or explosion under extreme conditions or if overcharged. Regular maintenance and monitoring of the batteries are crucial to mitigating this risk.
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Frequently asked questions
An electric fence controller, also known as an energizer, fence charger, fencer, or power unit, is a device that converts household electricity or battery-generated power into a higher voltage, sending it through fence wires in short bursts.
There are three main types of electric fence controllers: mains-powered, dry battery-powered, and wet battery-powered. Mains-powered energizers are located inside buildings and do not use batteries. Dry battery-powered energizers are easy to relocate and require no maintenance, but they are not rechargeable and need to be replaced every 4 to 6 months. Wet battery-powered energizers are suitable for permanent or infrequently moved electric fences.
The choice of electric fence controller depends on various factors, including the length of the fence, vegetation on the conductors, fencing material, type of animals, and availability of a power source. It is recommended to use a mains-powered energizer whenever possible due to its low operating cost.
Safety is a critical aspect when building an electric fence controller. Ensure that the electric fence is carefully designed to limit the current and duration of the shock and include other safety features. It is essential to isolate the circuit from mains power to prevent accidental electric shocks. Additionally, proper signage is necessary to warn people of the electric fence.
Regular maintenance is crucial for electric fence controllers. Test the earth using a metal bar or earth stake to ensure the fence is functioning correctly. Consider investing in a remote control for the fence energizer to simplify maintenance and make it more convenient to turn the fence on and off.
