Umair Gaines
Building an electric reverse trike can be an exciting project for both novice and experienced builders. A reverse trike is a three-wheeled vehicle with two wheels in the front and one in the back. It offers a less complex build compared to traditional four-wheeled cars, making it a great starting point for those new to electric vehicle construction. For those with more experience, the challenge lies in optimizing weight distribution, aerodynamics, and performance to create a unique and efficient electric trike. Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned builder, embarking on an electric reverse trike project can be a rewarding journey that enhances your skills and knowledge in the world of electric vehicles.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Wheels | 3 |
| Seating capacity | 1 |
| Length | 8 feet |
| Width | 4 feet |
| Motor | 20kw, 30kw peak |
| Controller | $1,000 or less |
| Battery | 4.5kwh of Lithium Iron or Lithium Iron Supercap Hybrids for around $4-5,000 |
| Weight | 1,200lbs or less |
| Horsepower | 6-7hp |
| Range | 50 miles |
| Speed | 60mph |
| Build complexity | Less complex |
| Bodywork | Fiberglass and ABS plastic panels |
| Front suspension | Mazda Miata |
| Rear subframe and driveline | Honda Shadow |
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What You'll Learn
Choosing a motor
Another important consideration is the voltage and battery configuration. Common motor voltages include 48 volts, which can provide ample power for most applications. However, you may require a higher voltage setup if you're aiming for higher speeds or extended range. Additionally, consider the type of battery you'll be using, such as lithium-ion or lead-acid, as this will impact the voltage requirements and overall performance of your electric reverse trike.
The placement of the motor is also crucial. Electric reverse trikes typically have the motor mounted in the crank or the rear wheel. A rear wheel motor is generally more affordable than a mid-drive option. However, consider the weight distribution of your trike, as placing the motor in the rear may affect handling and stability.
Furthermore, consider the controller unit that will manage the power delivery to the motor. This component can significantly impact the performance and cost of your electric reverse trike. A quality controller can provide solid acceleration and enhance the overall driving experience. Additionally, ensure that the controller is compatible with your chosen motor and battery setup.
Lastly, keep in mind that the motor and battery placement can affect the weight distribution of your electric reverse trike. As mentioned by a builder, "those batteries need to be up front to keep the weight close to the pair of wheels. Trikes get too unstable as the weight moves to the single wheel." Balancing the weight distribution will ensure optimal handling, stability, and safety.
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Selecting a controller
Compatibility
Ensure that the controller you choose is compatible with your electric trike's motor and battery setup. Consider factors such as voltage, current, and power ratings to match the controller appropriately. For instance, if you have a 30kW peak electric motor, as suggested by some builders, a controller capable of handling such power is necessary.
Performance Requirements
Think about the performance you desire from your electric reverse trike. If you seek rapid acceleration, extended range, or hill-climbing capabilities, select a controller that can deliver the required power efficiently. For example, a 250-watt motor is suitable for flat-ground riding, while a 750-watt motor is better for tackling hills.
Cost
The cost of the controller will depend on factors such as voltage and amperage requirements. Generally, a controller for an electric reverse trike can range from a few hundred to a thousand dollars or more, depending on the specifications. It's important to balance your performance goals with your budget when making a selection.
Safety and Reliability
Safety is paramount when building an electric vehicle. Choose a controller with safety features and protections to prevent overheating, overvoltage, or other potential hazards. Additionally, consider the reliability and durability of the controller to ensure it can withstand the demands of your electric trike.
Size and Weight
Consider the physical dimensions and weight of the controller. Electric reverse trikes often have weight distribution considerations, and the placement of heavy components like the controller and batteries can impact handling and stability.
User Experience
Finally, think about the user experience you want to create. Some controllers may offer additional features or programmability options that allow you to customize the riding experience, such as adjusting acceleration curves or regenerative braking strength.
Remember, building an electric reverse trike can be a complex project, and it's always important to do thorough research and consult experts or online communities with specific questions. Safety should be a priority, and understanding the intricacies of electric vehicle systems is crucial before beginning your build.
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Picking the right batteries
Battery Types
Electric trike batteries typically come in three types of materials: Lead Acid (GEL), Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePo4). Lead-acid batteries are the most affordable option, but they are heavier and have a limited range due to lower capacities. They are also not entirely safe for trikes as they can discharge a large amount of electricity during a short circuit and leak flammable gases during charging. Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used type for electric trikes as they have a higher energy density and can provide more energy within a smaller form factor. However, they are slightly more expensive and sensitive to temperature changes, which can affect their performance. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries offer advantages such as higher energy density and better resistance to temperature changes compared to Li-Ion.
Battery Capacity and Range
Consider the range you want your electric reverse trike to achieve on a single charge. For example, if you're aiming for a 50-mile range, you would need around 4.5kwh of Lithium Iron or Lithium Iron Supercap Hybrid batteries, which can cost around $4,000 to $5,000. Keep in mind that the weight of your trike will also impact the battery capacity required. Aim for a lightweight design, preferably around 1,000 lbs, to optimise your battery efficiency.
Battery Placement
The placement of batteries in a reverse trike is essential for stability. It is recommended to keep the batteries up front to maintain stability by keeping the weight close to the pair of wheels. Placing the weight over the single wheel at the back can make the trike unstable.
Battery Maintenance
Battery maintenance is critical to ensuring the long-term performance and safety of your electric reverse trike. Proper charging is essential, and you should avoid exposing the batteries to extreme temperatures. Regular maintenance will help extend the life of your batteries, with some sources suggesting that proper care can keep them performing well for 3-4 years or more.
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Weight distribution
When designing your reverse trike, consider placing the majority of the weight towards the front of the vehicle. This weight distribution reduces the probability of the trike rolling in corners. However, having too much weight forward can cause a loss of traction on climbs and the rear wheel lifting during hard braking.
On the other hand, biasing the weight rearwards provides better traction on the drive wheel, which is beneficial for climbing. But if the weight is too far back, the trike may tip in turns.
Ideally, you want to achieve equal weight distribution on each wheel, with the trike's center of gravity in the middle of the triangle formed by the three contact patches. This setup minimizes the risk of tipping during turns and improves traction.
When placing the battery pack, consider mounting it as low as possible and close to your seat. This placement keeps the weight low and centralized, improving the vehicle's stability and handling.
Additionally, consider the weight of the engine and motor in your design. Motorcycle engines are commonly used in reverse trikes due to their power-to-weight ratio, while electric motors offer a more eco-friendly option with quiet operation and low maintenance.
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Bodywork
The bodywork of your electric reverse trike is an important consideration. The body should be designed with weight distribution in mind, ensuring that safety, performance, and integrity are not compromised.
One option for the bodywork is to use a simple tube frame covered by fibreglass and ABS plastic panels. This eliminates the need for difficult sheet metal or composite forming. You can source the front suspension from a Mazda Miata and the rear subframe and driveline from a Honda Shadow, which will make it easier to register as a custom vehicle. Keep in mind that the batteries need to be placed up front to keep the weight close to the pair of wheels, maintaining stability.
When it comes to the motor, a 30kW peak electric motor should be sufficient if you keep the weight low and have a good aerodynamic profile. This size motor should cost around $1,200 USD new. The controller would be an additional $1,000 or less, depending on the desired volts and amps. Consider a 20kW motor if you want solid acceleration with a low-to-the-ground and streamlined design for maximum aerodynamics.
For the battery pack, if you aim to go 50 miles on a single charge while keeping the weight minimal at around 1,000 lbs, you would need approximately 4.5 kWh of Lithium Iron or Lithium Iron Supercap Hybrids. These batteries would cost around $4,000 to $5,000 USD.
Finally, consider the aesthetics of your electric reverse trike. You might want to paint it a nice futuristic purple colour, as suggested by one builder, or choose another colour that suits your taste. Remember to take your time and examine all the elements needed to make your trike safe and aligned with your goals.
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Frequently asked questions
Building an electric reverse trike is a great way for a novice builder to get started with a project that can be taken out on the road. It increases your knowledge of electric vehicles and associated technology, and it builds your skills for preparing you for a bigger project later.
Electric reverse trikes are naturally designed for range, but builders often want to build them as sports cars. It is important to focus on what they are best suited for. Reverse trikes need to be designed with much consideration for weight distribution as getting this wrong can compromise the safety, performance, and integrity of the vehicle.
A 30kw peak electric motor will cost around $1,200 USD new. The controller would cost another $1,000 or less depending on the volts and amps desired. The battery pack size needed to go 50 miles with a weight of around 1,000lbs would cost around $4,000-$5,000 USD. Other added costs include the DC inverter, BMS, charger, wires, and gauges.
It is recommended to use the complete front end from a front-drive car, including the steering, suspension, and brake setup attached to a subframe or body frame. This will make your build a lot easier. Using an older model car will also help avoid excess electronics and wiring.
