Molly Ayala
Running electricity underground through shale can be a complex process. It is important to first determine the power needs of the building, whether 120v or 240v, as this will determine the size of the feed wire and the new circuit breaker. The type of soil will also determine the digging method and whether metal or plastic conduit is required to protect the wiring from physical damage. Underground feeder cable (UF cable) is a popular choice as it does not need to be protected by PVC conduit and meets all code requirements. However, burial depth is an important consideration, with a minimum of 24 inches (600mm) of earth cover required for direct-burial cable without conduit.
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What You'll Learn
Underground feeder cable
Underground feeder (UF) cable is a type of direct burial wire used to bring power from indoor to outdoor areas. It is designed to distribute power from an existing building to outdoor lighting fixtures, pumps, outbuildings, and other external equipment. UF cable is unique in that it does not require protection with PVC conduit or any other code-compliant mechanical protection. This cable can be direct-buried without a conduit, with a minimum of 24 inches (600mm) of earth cover.
Before installing UF cable, it is important to determine the power needs of the outbuilding or area that will be supplied. This includes considering the voltage and electrical loads required, as these factors will influence the size of the feed wire and the new circuit breaker needed at the main panel. It is also crucial to ensure that there is sufficient power available at the main panel to meet these requirements.
When installing UF cable, the first step is to dig a trench. The depth of the trench will depend on the soil type and the amount of power being run. In sandy soil, a deeper ditch can be dug, while in rocky or clay-based soil, it is advisable to keep the ditch depth to a minimum. Regardless of the soil type, it is important to include a service entrance ell with a removable cover for access to the wires at ground level.
After the trench has been dug, the conduit can be installed. The conduit provides protection for the UF cable and can be made of PVC. Once the conduit is in place, the UF cable can be fed through it. It is recommended to use rated straps to secure the cable and ensure it is properly secured.
Finally, it is important to note that electrical work can be risky, and it is crucial to comply with local and municipal codes. Some areas may require a certified electrician to perform this type of work, so it is always best to consult with a professional before undertaking any electrical project.
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Trench depth
If the soil is sandy and easy to dig, you can opt for a deeper ditch. In this case, you might not need to install metal or plastic conduit to protect the wiring from damage. However, if the soil is rocky or clay-based, it is advisable to keep the trench depth to a minimum and use protective conduit.
For example, if you are using direct-burial underground feeder cable, it should be installed at a depth of 24 inches or more. At this depth, you typically don't need to use conduit with this type of cable. On the other hand, if you are using PVC conduit with individual insulated wires, a depth of 18 inches is recommended. This depth is also applicable when using THWN-2 conductors inside PVC conduit, as it protects the wire from potential damage caused by digging.
In Canada, specific regulations dictate that for direct burial cable without a metal jacket, the cable must be buried at a depth of 600mm (approximately 23.6 inches) under non-vehicular areas if 750v or less, and up to 900mm (approximately 35.4 inches) under the finished grade in vehicular areas.
It is important to consult local regulations and codes before determining the appropriate trench depth. These regulations can vary between countries, states, and municipalities, so it is essential to ensure compliance with the specific requirements in your area. Additionally, consider calling a universal "Call Before You Dig" number to have technicians locate and mark any existing underground utilities to avoid accidental damage during your project.
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Soil type
The soil type of your property will determine the best method for running electric underground. If the soil is sandy and easy to dig, you can save money on electrical materials by digging a deep ditch. However, if the soil is rocky or clay-based, it is recommended to keep the ditch depth to a minimum.
If you encounter a lot of tree roots or have rocky soil, you can protect the buried wiring with metal or plastic conduit. This will also ensure the wiring is protected from physical damage where it transitions from above ground to underground. Walk-behind trenching machines that dig down to 24 inches are available for rent at hardware stores and home centres.
The type of soil will also determine the depth at which you can install underground cable and wire. For example, galvanized rigid metal electrical conduit with individual insulated wires can be installed at a depth of six inches. On the other hand, PVC conduit with individual insulated wires should be installed at a depth of 18 inches.
It is important to note that the depth of burial will also depend on the wire you use and whether you run it within a conduit or not. Direct-burial underground feeder cable can be installed at a depth of 24 inches or more, while GFCI-protected direct-buried Type UF cable should be installed at a depth of 12 inches.
Before beginning any underground electrical work, it is important to check with local and municipal codes to ensure compliance with all regulations.
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Electrical conduit
There are several types of electrical conduits available for underground applications. Underground electrical conduit must meet UL 94 HB (horizontal burn) requirements for below-ground use. Horizontal burn standards indicate that any conduit approved for above-ground applications is also suitable for underground use.
One option is Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT), which is commonly made of coated steel or aluminum. However, EMT is not recommended for underground use due to its susceptibility to damage and the need for special watertight fittings.
Fiberglass conduit is another option that is suitable for underground applications. It is lightweight, resistant to temperature, moisture, and corrosion, and easy to install. It also eliminates the risk of burn-through for long cable pulls.
For sandy soil that is easy to dig, you may not need to install metal or plastic conduit to protect the buried wiring from physical damage. However, if you are running power through shale, which is a type of rock, you will likely need to install conduit to protect the wiring.
To install the conduit, first, dry fit all the pieces along the intended path of the cable. Cut the pieces to the required length using a backsaw or PVC saw. Join the pieces using PVC cement and let it set. Then, run the UF cable through the conduit. Remember to locate a power source for the cable and make the necessary connections inside your home.
It is important to note that local and municipal codes may govern the allowable materials for underground wiring, so be sure to check and remain code-compliant.
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Safety and compliance
Planning and Permits:
Before starting any electrical work, proper planning is crucial. Determine the power needs of the structure you are running electricity to. Will it require 240V or 120V power? What electrical loads will be present? This will influence the size of the feed wire and the circuit breaker required. Check if your local building department requires electrical permits and inspections for this type of work. Obtain the necessary permits to ensure compliance with local regulations.
Calling Before Digging:
Contact your local utility company before beginning any digging. Most areas have a "Call Before You Dig" service that will coordinate with utility companies to mark their existing underground utility lines. This helps prevent accidental damage to utilities and ensures worker safety. It is also essential to determine the digging method based on the soil type. If the ground is rocky or clay-based, keep the trench depth to a minimum.
Burial Depth and Conduit:
The burial depth of the electrical wiring depends on the type of wire used and whether it is run within a conduit. Direct burial cable without a metal jacket must be buried deeper than cabled protected by PVC conduit. For example, in Canada, a cable without a metal jacket must be at least 600mm under non-vehicular areas, while PVC-protected wiring only requires a burial depth of 450mm. Always refer to your local codes and regulations to determine the specific depth requirements.
Cable Protection and Connection:
Use rated straps to secure your cable and prevent crimping. Apply burial tape along the trench to prevent someone from digging too deep and cutting into the wire. Cover the cable with sand and lay caution tape on top to alert anyone digging in the future about the presence of underground power. Feed the cable through a conduit into the structure and connect it to the main electrical panel, following code requirements for cable routing and support.
Licensed Electrician:
While some steps can be undertaken by homeowners, involving a licensed electrician is essential to ensure safety and compliance with local codes. They will be able to complete the final hookups and address any issues that may arise during the installation process.
Remember, electrical work can be risky, so always prioritize safety and compliance with local regulations.
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Frequently asked questions
The only cable to use is called a UF, or underground feeder, cable.
The depth of burial depends on the type of wire you use and whether you run it within a conduit or not. If you use direct-burial underground feeder cable, bury it at 24 inches deep (or more). If you use THWN-2 conductors inside PVC conduit, bury it at 18 inches deep.
If you can get away without conduit and the wiring is in an area that isn't liable to get in the way of future digging, then direct-burial cable might be best. If you're running through the middle of your yard, a PVC or metal conduit might be better.
First, dry fit all the pieces along the place where you want to run your cable. Cut the pieces to length using a backsaw or PVC saw. Then, join the pieces using PVC cement. Once the cement is set, run the UF cable through the conduit.
Make sure to check with local and municipal codes before starting your project. Some areas require you to use a specific type of conduit or wire, and there may be depth requirements for underground wiring. You should also call your local utility companies to mark any existing underground utilities before you start digging.
