Otis Singleton
Electrical and electronic symbols are graphical representations of various components in a circuit's schematic diagram. They are used to represent electronic components or devices in electronic circuits. These symbols are used to create diagrams that show how circuits are connected and operate. While there are universally accepted symbols, there are also variants and alternatives used throughout the world. Symbols can differ based on engineering disciplines and national or local variations. Some commonly used symbols include those for switches, wires, contactors, motors, and transformers.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Electronic symbols | Graphical representation of electronic components or devices in electronic circuits |
| Electrical symbols | Used for drawings or schematic diagrams |
| Components | Switch, Wire, Contactor, Motor, Transformer |
| Transistor | Amplifies current, used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit |
| Diode | Converts electrical energy to light, used to maintain a fixed voltage |
| Inductor | Drawn as a series of loops or half-circles |
| Resistor | Obstacle in the path of current, drawn as zig-zag |
| Capacitor | Used for electric energy storage, represented by two parallel bars |
| Multimeter | Used to measure voltage, current, and resistance |
| Oscilloscope | Used to display the 'shape' of electrical signals |
| Transducer | Converts electrical energy to sound, or sound to electrical energy |
| Logic gates | Process signals that represent true or false |
| Battery | Energy source made of cells, with chemical electrolyte inside providing polarity |
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What You'll Learn
Switches: Represent closed and open circuit connections
Electrical switch symbols are crucial for understanding the functions of switches within a circuit. They are used to represent the position of the switch, such as whether it is open or closed, and to indicate its function or connection to specific components. These symbols are like a visual language that allows engineers and technicians to communicate effectively and interpret circuit diagrams.
One common type of switch is the Single-Pole, Double-Throw (SPDT) switch, which allows for alternate connections or functions. In a circuit diagram, the SPDT switch is represented by a single line with a "T" shape at one end. This switch is useful when choosing between two different paths or circuits. Another type of switch is the Double-Pole, Single-Throw (DPST) switch, which simultaneously controls the flow of current in two separate circuits. In a diagram, the DPST switch is depicted by two lines with a shared endpoint. When the switch is closed, both input connections are linked to the output, enabling current flow in both circuits. Conversely, when the switch is open, the input connections are disconnected from the output, interrupting the current flow.
It is important to differentiate switch symbols from those representing other components like resistors or capacitors. Misinterpreting these symbols can lead to confusion and errors in understanding the circuit's operation. Clear labels and annotations are essential to avoid such mistakes and improve the clarity of circuit diagrams.
Additionally, electrical blueprints and floor plans use specific symbols to indicate the placement of switches and wiring. For instance, curving dashed lines on a floor plan connect switches and fixtures, roughly indicating the route of wiring. Architects include information about switches in their power and data plans, which are part of the blueprints package. Symbols on these plans may include half a black circle to indicate an LED wall washer or the letter "W" for a fixture intended for a wet area.
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Wires: Show connections between components
Wires are used to connect one electrical component to another. They are represented as straight lines in circuit diagrams, as they have very low resistance. This makes them a simple connection conductor between two devices.
In a circuit diagram, wires are used to show how a circuit is connected together. These diagrams use standardised symbols to represent the various parts, and wires are no exception. The symbols are universally recognised, making it easier for engineers, technicians, and electricians to understand and interpret electrical plans.
When drawing wires in a circuit diagram, it is important to represent where wires are connected. This is done by drawing a ''blob'' where the wires are joined. However, this 'blob' is sometimes omitted. To avoid confusion, wires that cross over each other but are not connected should be staggered to form two T-junctions. Alternatively, a bridge symbol can be used to indicate no connection.
In more complex diagrams, wires may need to be drawn crossing, even if they are not connected. In this case, a simple crossing may be misread as a join, so a dot or a bridge symbol should be used to indicate a connection.
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Transistors: Amplify current for amplifiers or switching circuits
Transistors are semiconductor devices with at least three terminals (base, emitter, and collector) that can amplify current for amplifiers or switching circuits. They are considered one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century due to their ability to be mass-produced at low costs. Transistors can be represented by various symbols in electrical diagrams, and their appearance, styles, and colours can often be customised according to user requirements.
Transistors are composed of semiconductor materials, and their terminals can be connected to an external circuit. By applying voltage or current to one pair of terminals, the current passing through another pair of terminals can be altered. This property of controlled output power being higher than input power allows transistors to amplify signals.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are a common type of transistor with three layers of semiconductor material, which can be arranged as either NPN or PNP transistors. The circuit symbol and functionality differ according to the layer arrangement, with the horizontal terminal acting as the base.
Other types of transistors include the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) used for amplifying or switching electronic signals, and the junction field-effect transistor (JFET), which is similar to a MOSFET but has an uninsulated gate.
Transistor symbols in electrical diagrams can be created using software that provides vector shapes and standard electrical symbols, making it convenient for users to develop electrical drawings and modify them as needed.
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Resistors: Obstacles in the path of current
Resistors are electrical components that limit or control the flow of electric current in a circuit. They achieve this by introducing resistance, which is measured in ohms (Ω). The higher the resistance, the greater the obstacle to the current flow.
There are several types of resistors, including fixed and variable resistors. Fixed resistors, such as carbon composition and film or cermet resistors, have a set resistance value that cannot be adjusted. On the other hand, variable resistors like potentiometers, rheostats, and trimpots allow for the adjustment of resistance within a certain range. This flexibility enables dynamic control over current flow, making them useful in various applications.
In circuit diagrams, resistors are represented by standardised symbols. The IEC 60617 standard is the most commonly used international standard, featuring a simple outlined rectangle to denote a typical resistor. However, different countries and industries may have their own variations. For example, Americans often encounter the "squiggle"-styled resistor symbol.
To distinguish between different types of resistors, various Latin letters are appended to the basic symbol. For instance, the symbol "R" represents a fixed resistor, while "RP" denotes a potentiometer. The first letter "R" indicates the resistor, the second letter specifies the conductor material, and the third letter represents the shape and performance characteristics. Additionally, an arrow over the symbol signifies a variable resistor, and precision or special types may have unique markings to indicate their properties.
The resistance value of a resistor is typically written adjacent to the symbol, using units such as ohms (Ω), kilohms (kΩ), or megohms (MΩ). While colour labelling is sometimes used on physical resistors, schematic representations focus on simplicity and clarity, conveying the purpose of resistance through their design.
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Batteries: Energy source made of cells with chemical electrolytes
Batteries are a fundamental component of electrical circuits, providing the energy source for the circuit to function. A battery is made up of two or more cells joined together, with each cell containing a chemical electrolyte that provides polarity. The battery symbol is designed to represent this internal structure, with two parallel lines of varying lengths to indicate the multiple cells, and positive and negative polarity markings to denote the direction of current flow.
The battery symbol is a concise pictogram that communicates essential information about the component's function and structure. The two parallel lines represent the cells, with the longer line indicating the positive polarity and the shorter line indicating the negative polarity. This visual representation of polarity is crucial, as it ensures the correct flow of current in the circuit.
The chemical electrolyte within the cells is responsible for the battery's ability to generate electricity. This electrolyte creates a potential difference between the positive and negative terminals, allowing the flow of electrons and the generation of electrical energy. The electrolyte's chemical composition can vary, with common examples including zinc-carbon, alkaline, and lithium-ion batteries, each with its own unique chemical reaction to produce electricity.
The battery symbol is a standardised graphical representation used in circuit diagrams and schematic drawings. While the basic structure of the symbol is consistent, there may be slight variations in different engineering disciplines and national or international standards. For example, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) use alternative symbols for the same component.
Understanding the battery symbol is essential for interpreting circuit diagrams and creating functional electrical systems. The symbol's simplicity belies its importance in conveying the fundamental structure and operation of batteries as a critical energy source in electrical circuits. By representing the cells and polarity, the symbol provides a clear visual reference for circuit designers and electricians to ensure the correct flow of electrical current.
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Frequently asked questions
A basic electrical symbol is a graphical representation used to represent electronic components or devices in electronic circuits.
Some commonly used electrical symbols include the switch, wire, contactor, motor, and transformer.
The symbol to use for a particular component may vary depending on the engineering discipline and local or international standards. It is important to refer to the appropriate standards and guidelines specific to your field or discipline.
The battery symbol consists of two uneven parallel lines representing the cells, with positive and negative polarity indicated. The wire symbol is simply a straight line, as it represents the connection between two devices.
