Molly Ayala
In electronics, a dividing point refers to a voltage divider or potential divider, which is a basic circuit used in electronic circuit design. It is a simple configuration that uses very few electronic components and enables a lower voltage to be created from a larger one. The voltage divider is a fundamental element of any electronics circuit design and is widely used because it provides an important function. It consists of two resistors in series, connected between the input voltage and zero volts or ground. The junction between the two resistors then has a small proportion of the input voltage appearing across it.
In telephony, the term dividing point may also refer to the demarcation point, which is the point at which the public switched telephone network ends and connects with the customer's on-premises wiring. This point determines who is responsible for the installation and maintenance of wiring and equipment.
Characteristics and Values of a Dividing Point in Electrical Engineering
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | A voltage divider, or potential divider circuit, is a basic circuit used in electronic circuit design to provide a reduced voltage from a larger one. |
| Circuit | Consists of two resistors in series, with the input voltage applied across them. |
| Function | Divides the input voltage to provide a lower voltage for use in the circuit. |
| Equation | The output voltage is directly proportional to the input voltage and the ratio of the resistors' values. |
| Applications | Widely used in electronic circuit design, especially where a lower voltage is required. |
| Advantages | Requires very few electronic components, making it simple and cost-effective. |
| Flexibility | By manipulating resistor values, a specific output voltage can be achieved from a fixed input voltage. |
| Limitations | The presence of a resistance across the output can alter the operation of the circuit. |
| Examples | Used in potentiometers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and microcontrollers. |
| Standards | Must comply with electrical standards and regulations, such as the US National Electric Code. |
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What You'll Learn
The Demarcation Point in telephony
In the context of telephony, the demarcation point is the point at which the public switched telephone network ends and connects with the customer's on-premises wiring. It is a critical boundary in network infrastructure that determines service responsibilities and plays a key role in troubleshooting network issues. The demarcation point is also referred to as the "demarc point", "network boundary point", or "network demarcation point".
The demarcation point varies between countries and building types and has changed over time. In its simplest form, it is a junction block where telephone extensions join to connect to the network. This junction block typically includes a lightning arrester, which requires a wire to ground. In multi-line installations, such as businesses or apartment buildings, the demarcation point may be a punch-down block.
In the United States, the modern demarcation point is defined by FCC rules (47 C.F.R. Part 68) to enable the safe connection of third-party telephone customer-premises equipment and wiring to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The physical and electrical interconnection is called the demarcation point, which includes one or more customer-accessible jack interfaces. The modern demarcation point is typically the Network Interface Device (NID) or Intelligent Network Interface Device (INID), also known as a "smartjack". The NID is owned by the telco.
The demarcation point has a user-accessible RJ-11 jack (a "test jack" or "demarcation jack"), which is connected directly to the telephone network. When the loop is disconnected, the on-premises wiring is isolated from the telephone network, and the customer can directly connect a telephone to the network via the jack to assist in determining the location of a wiring fault. In most cases, everything up to and including the demarcation point is owned by the carrier, and everything past it is owned by the property owner.
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The junction block
In the context of electrical utilities, a demarcation point, also known as a DEMARC point, is a dividing line that determines the responsibilities of the customer/subscriber and the telephone company/provider in terms of installation and maintenance. This point can vary depending on the country, building type, and service level.
The design of the junction block may differ based on the installation type. For instance, in multi-line installations, such as businesses or apartment buildings, the demarcation point is often a punch-down block. On the other hand, in single-line installations, it may include a spark-gap surge protector, a grounding post, and a mount point for connecting a single telephone line.
In the United States, modern regulations define the demarcation point as a device that enables the safe connection of third-party telephone customer-premises equipment and wiring to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This device is known as the Network Interface Device (NID) or Intelligent Network Interface Device (INID), often called a "smartjack." The NID is strategically placed for easy technician access and typically contains a lightning arrestor, fuse, and test circuitry.
The NID also features a user-accessible RJ-11 jack, known as a "test jack" or "demarcation jack," which allows for direct connection to the telephone network. This jack plays a crucial role in troubleshooting by enabling the isolation of on-premises wiring from the telephone network. By disconnecting the small loop of telephone cord connected to the jack, technicians can identify whether a wiring fault lies within the customer's premises or in the carrier wiring.
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The modern demarcation point
The demarcation point has a user-accessible RJ-11 jack (a "test jack" or "demarcation jack"), which is connected directly to the telephone network, and a small loop of telephone cord connecting to the jack by a modular connector. When the loop is disconnected, the on-premises wiring is isolated from the telephone network, and the customer may directly connect a telephone to the network via the jack to assist in determining the location of a wiring fault.
In most cases, everything from the central office to and including the demarcation point is owned by the carrier, and everything past it is owned by the property owner. The service provider is responsible for maintaining the demarcation point until it connects to the customer's network. Beyond the modern demarcation point, the customer is responsible for maintenance or issues related to their new communication channel.
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The NID
The demarcation point is the point at which the public switched telephone network ends and connects with the customer's on-premises wiring. It is the dividing line that determines who is responsible for the installation and maintenance of wiring and equipment. This can be the customer/subscriber or the telephone company/provider.
The demarcation point can vary depending on the building type and service level. In its simplest form, it is a junction block where telephone extensions join to connect to the network. In multi-line installations, such as businesses or apartment buildings, the demarcation point may be a punch-down block.
In the telecommunications space, the demarcation point is typically located outside the home in a utility box where the drop line to the home terminates. From this point onwards, the internal home wiring and any equipment (e.g. modems, routers) are considered customer premises equipment.
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The DEMARC point for an electrical utility
A demarcation point (demarc) is a dividing point between the facilities of a serving utility and the premises wiring. In other words, it is where the service provider and property owner exchange responsibility. This point is usually located within the property line, creating a buffer zone where the service provider is responsible for the cable.
In the context of electrical utilities, the demarcation point is typically a utility box outside a home where the drop line terminates. From this point onwards, the internal home wiring and any equipment inside the home are considered customer premises equipment.
The specific location of the demarcation point can vary depending on the type of building, service level, and age of installation. In residential areas, the demarcation point is often the splice to the service drop on an overhead service. The meter is the power company's equipment, while the meter socket is maintained by the owner.
In multi-line installations such as businesses or apartment buildings, the demarcation point may be a punch-down block or a network interface device (NID). The NID is a small, weatherproof box located outdoors to provide 24/7 access for technicians. It includes wiring termination, a test jack, and circuit protection to safeguard the building's wiring, equipment, and people from electricity and power surges.
It is important to differentiate between the demarcation point and the minimum point of entry (MPOE). The MPOE refers to the physical location where the cable crosses the property line or enters a building, while the demarcation point is usually located just inside the building's walls or in the basement. However, in some cases, the MPOE and demarcation point can occur at the same place.
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Frequently asked questions
A dividing point in electrical terms is a junction block where telephone extensions join to connect to the network. It is also known as a demarcation point or DEMARC.
A voltage divider is a fundamental circuit design that consists of two resistors in series, with the input voltage connected to one resistor and the other connected to ground. The junction between the two resistors has a small proportion of the input voltage across it, allowing for a reduction in voltage within a circuit.
Voltage dividers are used to create a lower voltage from a larger one with ease. They are commonly used in electronic circuit design and are fundamental to many electrical designs.
The voltage divider equation states that the output voltage is directly proportional to the input voltage and the ratio of R1 and R2. The output voltage is a fraction of the input voltage, with the fraction being R2 divided by the sum of R1 and R2.
