Beatrice Lang
Electric fences are a humane and effective way to contain livestock and keep wild animals and intruders out. They are also simple to install and maintain. However, it is important to install them correctly for them to work properly. The process of building an electric fence involves selecting the right materials, planning the layout, and installing the fence and its components, such as the energizer, grounding system, and fencing tools. The energizer creates an electric pulse that travels through the fence, and when an animal touches it, the circuit is completed, delivering a mild shock. To modify the output of an electric fence, adjustments can be made to the voltage using resistors or fuses, but it is important to prioritize the safety of humans and animals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Keeping livestock contained, or wild animals and intruders out of your yard |
| Planning | Consider the number of animals, the size of the area, and the length, height, and number of wires needed |
| Brace corners | Each corner needs to be braced with a corner piece; use 1 brace for 6 or fewer lines, and a double brace for 7 or more lines |
| Fence posts | Use wood or metal posts; wood is durable but degrades over time, metal is easy to set up but may be more expensive |
| Charger | Solar chargers are energy-efficient but require sunlight; buy a charger rated by joules, not foot or mile power |
| Wire | Use electric fence tape, straight wire, or polywire; tape is the easiest to see and safer than wire |
| Grounding posts | Install at least 1 grounding post that is 6 feet (1.8 m) or longer; place 1 near the charger and another 10-20 feet away |
| Grounding wire | Attach a wire from the ground terminal of the charger to all the grounding posts |
| Grounding system | Use a minimum of 3 galvanized steel rods that are 6' long, spaced 10' apart; link them with a wire that leads to the energizer |
| Fault prevention | Keep vegetation away from wires; use insulated cable, rated at 20,000 volts, to connect the charger to the fence |
| Tools | Reels, crimp connections, fencing pliers, payout spinner, testers, joint clamps, underground cable, and hand tools such as pliers and wire cutters |
| Reducing voltage | Add resistors in parallel with the output to increase the load and reduce voltage |
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What You'll Learn
How to choose the right wire for your electric fence
Electric fencing is a convenient and cost-effective method of containing livestock. When selecting a wire for your electric fence, it is important to consider the purpose of the fence, the type of animal being controlled, and how long the fence will be in place.
One of the most common types of electric fence wire is Poly Wire, which is made of plastic strands and embedded thin metal wires. Poly Wire is highly visible to animals and can be reused for temporary fencing solutions. However, it lacks the strength of steel wire fencing. For a stronger option, Polyrope is reinforced with stainless steel woven throughout the rope, making it a robust and highly effective conductor. Poly products are suitable for both temporary and permanent fencing needs.
For permanent perimeter fences, steel or aluminum wire can be used. Steel wire is a more economical option and can be used with any type of charger. It can also carry a charge for long distances. Aluminum wire, on the other hand, offers superior conducting capabilities but tends to be more expensive. High-tensile wire fencing is a good option for constructing permanent fences over a large area, but it may not be suitable for fast-moving animals like horses.
If you own horses, Equine Fence Wire is the safest and most effective option. It is a high-tension fence that uses a specially designed wire coating to reduce the risk of injury. For a low-tension semi-permanent alternative, Turbo Braid can be used, which is designed not to tangle or overstretch and is easy to install.
When selecting a wire for your electric fence, the gauge is also an important consideration. The larger the diameter of the wire, the more surface area there is for electricity to travel, resulting in less resistance. Most electric fences use 14 or 17 gauge wire, depending on the length of the fence and the type of animal being contained.
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Tips for selecting the right charger for your electric fence
An electric fence charger is a critical component of an electric fence system, providing the power required to deter animals and protect your property. When selecting a charger, it is essential to consider several factors to ensure the fence effectively meets your specific needs. Here are some tips to help you choose the right charger for your electric fence:
- Determine the power source: The power source for your electric fence charger can be AC power, DC power, or solar power. AC-powered chargers are the most reliable and popular choice, providing greater energy output and flexibility for future expansion. They are suitable when you have access to a reliable source of 110-volt or 220-volt electrical power. On the other hand, DC-powered chargers use batteries as their power source, making them ideal for remote locations without access to AC power. Solar-powered chargers are also suitable for remote areas and offer the benefit of charging batteries using solar energy.
- Consider the length of the fence: The longer your fence line, the larger the charger you will need to maintain adequate voltage along the entire length. Most chargers come with a ""miles" rating to help you select the appropriate size based on the length of your fence.
- Evaluate the number and type of fence wire strands: The number of wires and their material will impact the electrical resistance of your fence. Steel wire, for instance, creates less resistance than polywire, rope, or tape. For multi-wire fences, it is recommended to divide the charger's distance rating by the number of strands and then select a charger with a mileage rating that meets your specific needs.
- Assess the area to be enclosed: Consider the possibility of expanding your fenced-in area in the future, as this may require a more powerful charger. Additionally, the amount of weeds or undergrowth touching your fence line is crucial, as they can draw power and reduce voltage. A low-impedance charger is recommended in such cases, as it can maintain high energy on the fence despite the power drawn by weeds.
- Understand the type and behaviour of animals: Different animals require varying levels of deterrence. Determined animals like bulls or stallions typically need a more powerful fence controller. Additionally, consider the behaviour of the animals. If they are untrained, they may require a stronger shock to learn to stay away from the fence.
- Choose the appropriate joule rating: Joules are the unit of energy delivered to the fence with each pulse. The number of joules required will depend on factors such as the size of your property, the type of animals you are deterring, and the type of fence you have. Select a charger with enough joules to meet your specific needs, ensuring compatibility with your fence by carefully reading the manufacturer's specifications.
Remember, the right charger for your electric fence depends on various factors, and it is essential to consider your unique circumstances when making a selection.
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How to set up your electric fence charger
Setting up an electric fence charger is a simple process, but it must be done correctly to ensure the fence works properly. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to set up your electric fence charger:
Plan Your Layout
Consider the number and type of animals you need to contain or keep out, as well as the size of the area you need to enclose. This will help you determine the spacing and number of wires, as well as the number of posts and other materials required. Take careful measurements of the plot and decide on the appropriate height for your fence.
Select a Charger
Choose a charger that suits your needs. If you opt for a solar charger, place it in an area that receives ample sunlight. For an AC charger, install it near an outlet and as close to the power source and the electric fence as possible. Do not buy chargers with foot or mile power ratings; instead, select one that's rated by joules, as this will provide a more consistent current.
Install Grounding Posts
Set up at least one grounding post that is 6 feet (1.8 m) or longer near the charger. Use a post-hole digger or slammer to install the grounding post, leaving at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) of the post above the ground. You may need additional grounding posts, spaced 10 to 20 feet apart from the first post.
Attach a Grounding Wire
Connect a grounding wire from the ground terminal of the charger to all the grounding posts. Use insulated cable rated for electric fencing and follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper installation.
Install Fence Posts and Bracing
Install your fence posts, ensuring they are not too close together but also not more than 40 feet apart. Brace the corners and gates to reinforce them. For larger enclosures, each corner will need to be braced with a corner piece. Wood posts are durable, while metal posts are easier to set in the ground but may be more expensive.
Mount the Charger
Hang the charger on a post or wall of an outbuilding, ensuring it is protected from direct moisture and sunlight (unless it is a solar charger). Do not turn on the charger until you have installed the fence. Mount the charger using screws or nails through the hanger hole in the charger case.
Install Insulators and Wires
Mount the insulators on the posts, following the manufacturer's instructions. Then, run the wire between the posts, connecting it to the charger. Use electric fence tape or straight wire of varying thicknesses, ensuring the fencing is easy to see.
Test and Maintain the Fence
Once the fence is installed, test the voltage and current regularly to ensure it is functioning properly. Schedule daily checks to prevent signal problems and make corrections as necessary. Vegetation and moisture can impact the effectiveness of the fence, so keep the fence clear of any weeds or grass touching the wires.
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How to install an electric fence gate
Installing an electric fence gate requires careful planning and execution. Here is a step-by-step guide to help you through the process:
Plan the layout:
Determine the purpose of your electric fence and the number of animals you need to contain or keep out. Measure the plot where you intend to install the fence and decide on the appropriate height, length, and number of wires needed. Consider the spacing of the wires and the number of brace corners required for your layout.
Choose the right materials:
Select a suitable charger for your fence. Avoid chargers with foot or mile power ratings and opt for one rated by joules, ensuring a consistent electrical current. Choose the type of wire or tape for your fence, considering visibility and safety. For example, tape is easier to see and less dangerous than straight wire.
Install grounding posts and wire:
Set up your charger near an AC outlet or in a sunny spot if using a solar charger. Install at least one grounding post that is 6 feet (1.8 m) or longer near the charger. Use a post-hole digger or slammer to set the grounding post, leaving at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) above the ground. Connect a grounding wire from the charger to all the grounding posts.
Assemble the fence:
Install your fence posts, ensuring they are not too close together but no more than 40 feet apart. Brace the corners and gates for reinforcement. Mount insulators on the posts, following the manufacturer's instructions. Run the wire or tape between the posts, creating a continuous barrier.
Install the gate:
Place your gate in a logical location, considering the flow of people, animals, and equipment. For a temporary fence, have only one gate located at either end of the fence line. For a permanent fence, run a heavily insulated cable at least 25-30 cm underground to maintain electricity flow when the gate is open. Use a gate kit or select a gate type that matches your fence, such as a bungee cord gate or spring wire gate. Ensure there is one gate handle for each electrified wire, and the handles match the type of cable used.
Remember to follow safety precautions and refer to specific product instructions for a detailed understanding of how to install an electric fence and gate safely and effectively.
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How to reduce the voltage on an electric fence
Electric fences are a safe and effective way to contain livestock or keep wild animals and intruders off your property. They are also a good way to keep your cats from wandering onto your neighbour's patios!
However, electric fences can be too powerful, and you may need to reduce the voltage. A simple way to do this is to add vegetation against the wire. This creates a small short circuit and thus a lower voltage. A little vegetation shouldn't be a problem, and the energiser is usually strong enough to compensate. However, weeds and grass touching the wires will reduce voltage and can make your fence less effective, so it's a balancing act.
Another way to reduce the voltage is to add a resistor (R) between the red terminal and the fence. You can also voltage divide it by adding another resistor between the fence and the ground to divide by 2. The resistors need to be high value and rated for high voltage.
You can also try a basic light dimmer to reduce the voltage, but you'll need to test it to see if it's working.
If you want to avoid tinkering, you can buy a charger designed for smaller animals, like the American FarmWorks 0.07 Joule 2-Mile AC-Powered Electric Fence Charger. This is designed to keep out skunks, raccoons, cats and dogs, and has an unloaded voltage output of 1,922V.
Finally, you can try a different type of charger. Solar-powered chargers are the least powerful, followed by 6-12 volt battery-powered chargers. An 110-volt plug-in charger will give you the most power for your money.
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Frequently asked questions
First, plan your layout. Consider the number of animals you need to control and determine the spacing and number of wires you need to use. Next, decide on the number of brace corners and fence posts you will need. Then, select a charger, ensuring it is rated by joules, not foot or mile power. Finally, put in grounding posts and attach a grounding wire.
Adding resistors in line will decrease the load, so the main output will increase but the voltage at the fence wire will be dependent on the conductivity of the subject/animal. Instead, place a resistor in parallel with the output so that the load increases and the voltage reduces.
Use joint clamps to connect leadout wires and underground cable. Do not wrap the wire onto the fence as it can arc and will make your fence’s voltage drop due to resistance. When underwiring a gate on a hot/ground fence, mark the ground or hot insulated underground wire with electrical tape so you don’t connect the underground wire to the wrong fence.
A common mistake is using lacing wire on polythene electric fence standards, which is too heavy and bends the posts. Another mistake is wrapping the wire around the standards, preventing the wire from sliding through the guides to tighten the wire and move standards.
