Umair Gaines
Running electrical wiring outside or through an exterior wall is a great way to power outdoor spaces, such as a garden, shed, or garage. It can be a DIY project, but it is important to be aware of the potential risks and necessary precautions. Electrical wiring can be dangerous, with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association estimating that electrical problems cause over 67,800 house fires per year. Before starting any electrical installation, it is crucial to ensure that the power to the circuit is turned off and verified with a noncontact voltage tester. This article will provide a step-by-step guide on how to safely run electrical wiring through an exterior wall, including the tools and preparations needed, as well as important considerations for permits and underground installations.
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What You'll Learn
How to run electrical wiring outside
Running electrical wiring outside can be a tricky task, and it is always recommended to consult a licensed electrician or a professional for advice. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to run electrical wiring outside:
Planning:
Firstly, plan the installation by determining the maximum load, distance, and type of conductor (copper or aluminium). Use a voltage drop calculator to help with this. Decide whether to install aerial or underground wiring and obtain the necessary permits. The National Electrical Code (NEC) sets the rules for burial depth, which range from 4 to 24 inches, depending on the wiring method and location.
Wiring Method:
Choose the most suitable wiring method: direct burial of cable under soil or concrete, or burial in rigid or flexible metal or PVC electrical pipe (conduit). If using conduit, ensure it is protected and sleeved in Schedule 80 PVC pipe with proper pipe fittings to prevent physical damage.
Trenching:
If burying wire, dig a trench at least 18 inches deep for the pipe. Place the UF cable in the trench or hang it from poles. Do not backfill the trench until an inspector has checked the line.
Running the Wire:
Use a snake to hook and guide the conductors through the pipe. Ensure slow and steady tension to avoid damaging existing wires. For aerial installations, keep them short and away from vehicle or pedestrian traffic.
Final Connections:
Complete the wiring at the house or shed by connecting to a switch or junction box. Ensure that outdoor receptacles are GFCI-protected and that all surface-mounted electrical boxes are weatherproof.
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Preventing water leaks
To prevent water leaks when running electrical cables inside an exterior wall, you should use a conduit to protect the wiring. Conduits are resistant to moisture and water, and some are completely waterproof. They also protect wiring from corrosion, electromagnetic interference, and physical damage.
When installing a conduit, it is important to ensure that the cable runs upward before entering the wall. If it runs downward, water can seep into the house along the cable. It is also important to ensure that the conduit enters the house above ground, as underground wiring is more susceptible to water damage.
To install a conduit, you will need to drill a hole in the wall. The hole should be larger in diameter than the cable to allow for a properly sized feed-through bushing, which provides extra water protection. Dab silicone caulk behind the bushing before pushing it into place, then thread the cable through the bushing and secure it with cable clamps.
If you are installing underground wiring, you will need to dig a trench and contact your local municipality to learn the locations of existing electric, water, and gas lines. After installing the conduit, spread a layer of sand over it to warn future diggers.
To prevent water leaks around exterior walls more generally, you should ensure that your gutters are clean and functioning properly, and that your windows, doors, and chimneys are sealed correctly.
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Choosing the right conduit
Conduits are essential to protect electrical wiring from moisture, extreme temperatures, sun exposure, and harsh weather conditions, thereby prolonging their lifespan. When choosing the right conduit, it is important to consider the material, flexibility, and durability.
Conduits come in a variety of materials, including metal and plastic. Metal conduits, such as EMT, IMC, and GRC, offer more protection but are more expensive and challenging to install. EMT conduit, for example, has thin walls that are easily punctured, while IMC and GRC have thicker walls, making them more suitable for outdoor use. Metal conduits are often used in commercial applications or straight wire runs through attics, garages, or basements.
Plastic conduits, on the other hand, are more flexible and easier to install. They are a popular choice for DIY homeowners as they require less skill. PVC conduit, a type of plastic conduit, is a waterproof and flexible option that easily fits into many areas. However, it is not as sturdy as metal conduits.
The flexibility of the conduit is another important consideration. Flexible conduits, such as those made of metal or plastic, can be bent and twisted without the need for extra hardware, making them useful in spaces where rigid conduits are difficult to install. Rigid conduits, on the other hand, offer more protection but are less adaptable to tight spaces or areas that require bends and twists.
Lastly, durability is a key factor when choosing a conduit. The chosen conduit should be able to withstand the environmental conditions it will be exposed to, whether it is extreme temperatures, moisture, or physical impacts. For example, in areas with corrosion-resistant hardware, a conduit with a plastic coating can prevent water penetration.
In conclusion, when choosing the right conduit for running electrical wiring inside an exterior wall, it is important to consider the specific requirements of the installation. Factors such as flexibility, durability, and material type will influence the decision, ensuring the conduit effectively protects the electrical wiring and prolongs its lifespan.
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Planning your installation
Identify the Purpose and Scope:
Start by clearly defining the purpose of your installation. Are you adding lighting to your backyard, powering a shed, or installing an outdoor kitchen? Understanding your specific needs will help you plan accordingly.
Gather Knowledge and Tools:
Educate yourself on the basics of electrical wiring and the specific requirements for your project. Familiarize yourself with local building codes and regulations, as these may dictate the type of conduit and wiring methods required. Obtain any necessary permits from your local building department. Additionally, ensure you have the right tools for the job, including a noncontact voltage tester, stud finder, appropriate cables, cable connectors, and safety equipment.
Choose the Right Conduit:
Select a conduit that suits your application. Conduits can be made of metal or plastic, and they come in flexible or rigid varieties. Metal conduits are sturdier, while PVC conduits are a more flexible and waterproof option. Consider the specific needs of your project, such as protection from moisture, extreme temperatures, or sun exposure.
Plan the Route:
Determine the path your conduit will take. If you're running the conduit to a secondary building, such as a garage or shed, you'll need to plan the route and dig a trench before installation. Contact your local municipality to identify the locations of existing electric, water, and gas lines to avoid any hazards.
Consult Professionals:
Discuss your plan in detail with a trained professional installer. Their expertise will help you refine your plan, address any safety concerns, and make any necessary alterations. Ensure that you have their guidance or direct assistance during the installation process.
Prepare for Installation:
Before beginning the installation, review your plan once more and ensure the power to the circuit is turned off. Use a noncontact voltage tester to verify that no voltage is running through the work area. This step is crucial for ensuring a safe working environment.
By following these planning instructions, you can confidently approach the installation process, ensuring a safe and functional electrical setup for your exterior wall.
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When to call an electrician
While running electrical wiring inside an exterior wall can be a DIY project, it is important to know when to call an electrician. Electrical work can be dangerous if not performed correctly, so if you are uncomfortable with the process, it is always best to consult an expert. Here are some scenarios where you should consider calling an electrician:
- When dealing with older homes: Older homes may have outdated electrical systems that need upgrading or repair. If your home was built more than 25 years ago and has never had an electrical upgrade, it is wise to have an electrician inspect the wiring and bring it up to current code standards. Additionally, if your home was built between 1965 and 1975, it may have aluminum wiring, which requires regular checks.
- Frequent circuit issues: If your circuit breakers trip often or your fuses blow frequently, it indicates that your circuits are overloaded and drawing more current than they can safely handle. This may also suggest a dangerous fault within the circuit. An electrician can help identify the issue and provide solutions.
- Flickering or dimming lights: Flickering lights could indicate a problem with your internal electrical system. If you notice lights flickering or dimming when certain appliances turn on, such as the fridge or air conditioner, it may be a sign that your circuits cannot handle the demand. An electrician can assess the situation and determine if dedicated circuits are needed for motor-driven appliances.
- Warm or blackened electrical outlets: Warm or hot outlets, switches, or electrical system surfaces can be a safety hazard. If you notice any blackening or discolouration around electrical outlets or switches, it could indicate a serious issue. An electrician can inspect the problem and ensure your home's electrical system is safe.
- Shocks from electrical outlets: If you experience electrical shocks when touching light switches, outlets, or other electrical system surfaces, it is crucial to call an electrician immediately. This issue could be due to faulty wiring and poses a potential fire hazard.
- Sparking appliances or fixtures: If you notice any sparking from appliances, fixtures, or electrical breakers, do not hesitate to call an electrician right away. Sparking can be a sign of a severe electrical issue and should not be ignored.
- Lack of outlets or outdated wiring: If your home has two-prong outlets or an insufficient number of outlets in each room, it may be time to call an electrician. Using extenders and extension cords can be dangerous and increase the risk of fire. An electrician can help upgrade your outlets and ensure your home's electrical system is up to modern standards.
- Complex projects: While simple electrical tasks like running wires or cables around a doorway may be manageable for some, more complex projects require expert knowledge. If you are adding outdoor lighting, installing an electrical outlet in an outdoor kitchen, or powering a backyard shed, an electrician can ensure the work is done safely and correctly.
Remember, electrical work can be intricate and hazardous, so if you have any doubts or concerns, it is always best to consult a licensed electrician. They can provide professional guidance and ensure your home's electrical system is safe and up to code.
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Frequently asked questions
If you are using the term “conduit” to refer to coaxial cable, then no, you don’t need a permit. If you are referring to electrical cable enclosed in conduit, the need for a permit depends on the scope of the work. Check with your local building department if you aren't sure.
You or your installer will need a noncontact voltage tester, a stud finder, a nonmetallic sheathed cable or SE cable, and cable connectors.
The cable should run upward before going through the wall. If it goes downward toward the entry point, it is very difficult to prevent water seepage. You can also use a properly sized feed-through bushing for extra water protection.
